Multi-layer golf ball

ABSTRACT

Multi-piece golf balls having a multi-layered solid core and multi-layered cover are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/800,753, filed Jul. 16, 2015; which is a divisional of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/466,357, filed May 8, 2012, now U.S. Pat.No. 9,084,917; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/416,102, filed Mar. 9, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No.8,360,902; which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/397,906, filed on Feb. 16, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,444,507; whichis a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/024,901, filedon Feb. 10, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,123,632; which is a continuationof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/233,776, filed Sep. 19, 2008, nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,887,437; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/048,003, filed Mar. 13, 2008, now abandoned;which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/767,070, filed Jun. 22, 2007, now abandoned; which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/773,906,filed Feb. 6, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,656; which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/341,574,filed Jan. 13, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,044; which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/002,641,filed Nov. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,547,677. The entire disclosureof each of these references is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to multi-piece golf balls havinga multi-layered solid core and multi-layered cover. In one preferredembodiment, a five-piece ball is formed, wherein the inner cover layeris made of a thermoplastic composition. The outer cover layer is made ofa composition comprising a polyurethane, polyurea, or copolymer or blendthereof. In a second preferred embodiment, a six-piece ball is formed,wherein the inner and intermediate cover layers are made ofthermoplastic materials.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Golf balls containing multi-layered cores and covers are known. Forexample, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0227394 to Bulpettet al. discloses a multi-layered core comprising: a) an inner coreformed from a first thermoset rubber composition; b) an intermediatecore layer formed from a partially-neutralized or highly-neutralizedionomer composition; and c) an outer core formed from a second thermosetrubber composition. A cover layer having a thickness of from 0.01 inchesto 0.05 inches and a surface hardness of 60 Shore D or less is formedaround the core.

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0017940 to Sullivan et al.discloses golf balls having a dual-core and a single-layered cover. Thedual-core includes an inner core formed from a rubber composition and anouter core layer formed from a highly neutralized polymer (HNP)composition comprising an ethylene acid copolymer. In the HNPcomposition, at least 80% of all acid groups are neutralized. The innercore has an outer surface hardness of less than 80 Shore C; the outercore layer has an outer surface hardness of 56 Shore D or greater; andthe cover layer has a material hardness of 60 Shore D or less.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,357,736 to Sullivan et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,211,008to Sullivan et al. disclose golf balls comprising: a) an inner corelayer formed from a diene rubber composition; (b) an outer core layerformed from a high modulus HNP comprising a highly neutralizedethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer having a modulus of from 45,000psi to 150,000 psi; (c) an intermediate core layer disposed between theinner core layer and the outer core layer and formed from a low modulusHNP composition comprising a highly neutralized ethylene/(meth)acrylicacid/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer having a modulus of from 1,000 psito 50,000 psi.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,226,367 to Higuchi et al. discloses a golf ballcomprising a solid core consisting of a center core and outer core,wherein at least one of the core layers is made of a rubber composition,and wherein the center core has a JIS-C hardness of 40 to 60 on itscenter and a JIS-C hardness of 55 to 75 on its surface.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,147,578 to Nesbitt et al. discloses golf ballscontaining a dual-core. The inner core (center) and outer core layer maybe formed from a thermoset material or a thermoplastic material. The'578 patent discloses suitable thermoset materials as includingpolybutadiene or any natural or synthetic elastomer, metallocenepolyolefins, polyurethanes, silicones, polyamides, and polyureas.Suitable thermoplastic materials are described as including ionomers,polyurethane elastomers, and combinations thereof.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,086,969 to Higuchi et al. discloses a multi-piece golfball comprising a dual-core having a center and outer core layer; and adual-cover having an inner cover layer and outer cover layer. The centeris made from a rubber composition and has a JIS-C hardness of 40 to 60in its center and a JIS-C hardness of 55 to 75 on its surface. The outercore is also made of rubber and has a JIS-C surface hardness of 75 to95. The inner cover layer has a Shore D hardness of 50 to 80, and theouter cover layer has a Shore D hardness of 35 to 60.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,987,159 to Iwami discloses a solid golf ball with asolid core and a polyurethane cover, wherein the difference in Shore Dhardness between a center portion and a surface portion of the solidcore is at least 15, the polyurethane cover has a thickness (t) of notmore than 1.0 mm and is formed from a cured urethane composition havinga Shore D hardness (D) of from 35 to 60, and a product of t and D rangesfrom 10 to 45.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,836 to Higuchi et al. discloses a golf ballcomprising a solid core and cover, wherein the core is a hot-moldedproduct of a rubber composition, and the cover is primarily composed ofthermoplastic or thermoset polyurethane elastomer, polyester elastomer,ionomer resin, polyolefin elastomer, or mixtures thereof.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,436 to Iwami discloses a golf ball having a solidcore made of rubber and a polyurethane cover, wherein the difference inShore D hardness between a center portion and a surface portion of thesolid core is at least 15, and the polyurethane cover is obtained bycuring a composition comprising an isocyanate group-terminated urethaneprepolymer and aromatic polyamide compound.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,679,791 to Watanabe discloses a multi-piece golf ballwhich includes a rubbery elastic core, a cover having a plurality ofdimples on the surface thereof, and at least one intermediate layerbetween the core and the cover. The intermediate layer is composed of aresin material which is harder than the cover. The elastic core has ahardness which gradually increases radially outward from the center tothe surface thereof. The center and surface of the elastic core have ahardness difference of at least 18 JIS-C hardness units.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,634,961, 7,086,969, and 7,153,224, all to Higuchi etal., disclose a multi-piece golf ball comprising a solid core consistingof a center core and outer core; and an inner cover and outer coverlayer, wherein the solid core is molded from a rubber compositioncontaining polybutadiene rubber; another diene rubber; an unsaturatedcarboxylic acid; an organo-sulfur compound; an inorganic filler; and anorganic peroxide.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,707 to Yamagishi et al. discloses a three-piecesolid golf ball consisting of a solid core, an intermediate layer, and acover, wherein the hardness is measured by a JIS-C scale hardness meter,the core center hardness is up to 75 degrees, the core surface hardnessis up to 85 degrees, the core surface hardness is higher than the corecenter hardness by 8 to 20 degrees, the intermediate layer hardness ishigher than the core surface hardness by at least 5 degrees, and thecover hardness is lower than the intermediate layer hardness by at least5 degrees.

There is a continuing need in the golf ball industry for improved coreand cover constructions in golf balls. Particularly, there is a need forgolf balls having high resiliency and other properties that will allowplayers to generate higher initial ball speed and less initial ball spinwhen driving the ball off the tee, potentially resulting in longeroverall distance when the ball is struck by a driver.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides multi-piece golf balls comprising amulti-layered solid core and multi-layered solid cover.

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a golf ballconsisting essentially of the following components. First, the ballincludes an inner core layer (center) formed from a thermoset rubbercomposition. The center has a diameter of 1.2 inches or greater, acenter hardness (H_(center)) of 60 Shore C or greater; and an outersurface hardness (H_(center surface)) of 80 Shore C or greater. The ballfurther includes an intermediate core layer formed from a thermoplasticcomposition having a material hardness (H_(intermediate core material))of 83 Shore C or greater; an outer core layer formed from a highlyneutralized polymer composition and having a material hardness(H_(outer core material)) of 35 Shore D or greater; an inner cover layerformed from a thermoplastic composition having a material hardness(H_(inner cover material)) of 80 Shore C to 95 Shore C; and an outercover layer formed from a composition selected from the group consistingof polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymer and blends thereof.Preferably, the H_(intermediate core) material is greater than theH_(inner cover material).

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a five-piecegolf ball consisting essentially of: i) an inner core layer (center)formed from a thermoset rubber composition having a diameter of 1.100 to1.400 inches, a center hardness (H_(center)) of 50 Shore C or greater;and an outer surface hardness (H_(center surface)) of 60 Shore C to 85Shore C; ii) an intermediate core layer formed from a thermoplasticcomposition having a material hardness (H_(intermediate core material))of 85 Shore C or greater; iii) an outer core layer formed from a highlyneutralized polymer composition and having an outer surface hardness(H_(outer core surface)) of 70 Shore C to 95 Shore C; iv) an inner coverlayer formed from a thermoplastic composition having a material hardness(H_(inner cover material)) of 80 Shore C to 95 Shore C, and v) an outercover layer formed from a composition selected from the group consistingof polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymer and blends thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a five-piecegolf ball comprising a multi-layered cover which includes an inner coverlayer, intermediate cover layer, and outer cover layer. Moreparticularly, the five-piece ball consists essentially of: (a) an innercore layer (center) formed from a thermoset rubber composition having adiameter of 1.2 inches or greater, a center hardness (H_(center)) of 60Shore C or greater; and an outer surface hardness (H_(center surface))of 80 Shore C or greater; (b) an outer core layer formed from a highlyneutralized polymer composition having a material hardness of(H_(outer core material)) of 35 Shore D or greater; (c) an inner coverlayer formed from a thermoplastic composition having a material hardness(H_(inner) cover material) of 95 Shore C or less; (d) an intermediatecover layer formed from a thermoplastic composition having a materialhardness (H_(intermediate cover material)) of 80 Shore C or greater, theH_(intermediate cover material) being greater than theH_(outer core material); and (e) an outer cover layer formed from acomposition selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes,polyureas, and copolymer and blends thereof. In another embodiment, thepresent invention is directed to a six-piece golf ball consistingessentially of elements (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), as described in thisparagraph, and an intermediate core layer formed from a thermoplasticcomposition having a material hardness (H_(intermediate material)) of 83Shore C or greater.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a five-piecegolf ball including a dual-layered core, an inner cover layer, anintermediate cover layer, and an outer cover layer. More particularly,the five-piece ball consists essentially of: (i) an inner core layer(center) formed from a thermoset rubber composition having a diameter of1.2 inches or greater, a center hardness (H_(center)) of 60 Shore C orgreater; and an outer surface hardness (H_(center surface)) of 80 ShoreC or greater; (ii) an outer core layer formed from a highly neutralizedpolymer composition having a material hardness of(H_(outer core material)) of 35 Shore D or greater, wherein the innercore and outer core layer, as combined together, form a core structurehaving a diameter of 1.40 to 1.55 inches; (iii) an inner cover layerformed from a thermoplastic composition having a material hardness(H_(inner cover material)) of 95 Shore C or less; (iv) an intermediatecover layer formed from a thermoplastic composition having a materialhardness (H_(intermediate cover material)) of 80 Shore C or greater, theH_(intermediate cover material) being greater than theH_(outer core material) and the intermediate cover layer having athickness of 0.020 to 0.150 inches; and (e) an outer cover layer formedfrom a composition selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes,polyureas, and copolymer and blends thereof. In another embodiment, thepresent invention is directed to a six-piece golf ball consistingessentially of elements (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), as described inthis paragraph, and an intermediate core layer formed from athermoplastic composition having a material hardness(H_(intermediate material)) of 83 Shore C or greater and having athickness of 0.015 to 0.070 inches.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a six-piecegolf ball consisting essentially of an inner core layer formed from afirst thermoplastic composition, an intermediate core layer formed froma second thermoplastic composition, an outer core layer formed from ahighly neutralized polymer composition, an inner cover layer formed froma third thermoplastic composition, an intermediate cover layer formedfrom a fourth thermoplastic composition, and an outer cover layer formedfrom a composition selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes,polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof. The inner core layer has adiameter of 1.2 inches or greater, a center hardness of 60 Shore C orgreater, and an outer surface hardness of 80 Shore C or greater. Theintermediate core layer composition has a material hardness of 83 ShoreC or greater. The outer core layer composition has a material hardnessof 35 Shore D or greater. The inner cover layer composition has amaterial hardness of 95 Shore C or less. The intermediate cover layerhas a material hardness of 80 Shore C or greater. The material hardnessof the intermediate cover layer composition is greater than the materialhardness of the outer core layer composition. In a particular aspect ofthis embodiment, the intermediate core layer has a thickness of from0.015 inches to 0.070 inches. In another particular aspect of thisembodiment, the intermediate cover layer has a thickness of from 0.020inches to 0.150 inches. In another particular aspect of this embodiment,the inner core layer, the intermediate core layer, and the outer corelayer form a multi-layer core having a diameter of from 1.40 inches to1.55 inches.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a five-piecegolf ball consisting essentially of an inner core layer formed from afirst thermoplastic composition, an intermediate core layer formed froma second thermoplastic composition, an outer core layer formed from ahighly neutralized polymer composition, an inner cover layer formed froma third thermoplastic composition, and an outer cover layer formed froma composition selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes,polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof. The inner core layer has adiameter of 1.2 inches or greater, a center hardness of 60 Shore C orgreater, and an outer surface hardness of 80 Shore C or greater. Theintermediate core layer composition has a material hardness of 83 ShoreC or greater. The outer core layer composition has a material hardnessof 35 Shore D or greater. The inner cover layer composition has amaterial hardness of 95 Shore C or less. The inner core layer, theintermediate core layer, and the outer core layer form a multi-layercore having a diameter of from 1.40 inches to 1.55 inches.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a five-piecegolf ball consisting essentially of an inner core layer formed from afirst thermoplastic composition, an intermediate core layer formed froma second thermoplastic composition, an outer core layer formed from ahighly neutralized polymer composition, an inner cover layer formed froma third thermoplastic composition, and an outer cover layer formed froma composition selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes,polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof. The inner core layer has adiameter of from 1.100 inches to 1.400 inches, a center hardness of from50 Shore C to 75 Shore C, and an outer surface hardness of from 60 ShoreC to 85 Shore C. The intermediate core layer composition has a materialhardness of 83 Shore C or greater. The outer core layer has an outersurface hardness of from 70 Shore C to 95 Shore C. The inner cover layercomposition has a material hardness of from 80 Shore C to 95 Shore C.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features that are characteristic of the present invention areset forth in the appended claims. However, the preferred embodiments ofthe invention, together with further objects and attendant advantages,are best understood by reference to the following detailed descriptionin connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a four-piece golf ball according toan embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of five-piece golf ball according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of five-piece golf ball according to anembodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a finished golf ball according to anembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a golf ball 30 according to an embodiment of the presentinvention, including an inner core layer 32, an outer core layer 34, aninner cover layer 36, and an outer cover layer 38.

FIG. 2 shows a five-piece golf ball 40 according to a second embodimentof the invention, wherein the ball includes an inner core layer (center)42, an intermediate core layer 44, and an outer core layer 46. The ballfurther includes a dual-layer cover including an inner cover layer 48and outer cover layer 50.

FIG. 3 shows another five-piece golf ball 52 according to a thirdembodiment of the invention, wherein the ball includes an inner corelayer 54 and an outer core layer 56. The ball further includes athree-layer cover including an inner cover layer 58; intermediate coverlayer 60; and outer cover layer 62.

As shown in FIG. 1, in one version of the golf ball of this invention,the ball has a dual core (i.e., two-layer core) and a dual cover (i.e.,two-layer cover). The dual core consists of an inner core layer and anouter core layer. The inner core layer has a diameter within a rangehaving a lower limit of 0.750 or 1.000 or 1.100 or 1.200 inches and anupper limit of 1.300 or 1.350 or 1.400 or 1.425 or 1.450 or 1.475 or1.500 inches. The outer core layer encloses the inner core layer suchthat the two-layer core has an overall diameter within a range having alower limit of 1.400 or 1.500 or 1.510 or 1.520 or 1.525 inches and anupper limit of 1.540 or 1.550 or 1.555 or 1.560 or 1.590 inches. In aparticular embodiment, the inner core layer has a diameter of 1.250inches and the outer core layer encloses the inner core layer such thatthe two-layer core has an overall diameter of 1.530 inches or 1.550inches.

As shown in FIG. 2, in a second version of the golf ball of thisinvention, the ball has a multi-layered core including an inner core, anintermediate core layer, and an outer core layer. The inner core(center) may have a diameter within a range having a lower limit of0.100 or 0.125 or 0.250 inches and an upper limit of 0.375 or 0.500 or0.750 or 1.00 or 1.30 inches. The intermediate core layer may have athickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.050 or 0.100 or 0.150or 0.200 inches and an upper limit of 0.300 or 0.350 or 0.400 or 0.500inches. In a particular embodiment, the intermediate core layer andinner core, when combined, form a core sub-structure having an outerdiameter within a range having a lower limit of 0.900, 1.000, 1.100,1.200, or 1.300 inches, and an upper limit of 1.350, 1.400, 1.425,1.450, 1.500, or 1.500 inches. The outer core layer encloses the centerand intermediate core layer structure such that the multi-layer core hasan overall diameter within a range having a lower limit of 1.40 or 1.45or 1.50 or 1.55 inches and an upper limit of 1.58 or 1.60 or 1.62 or1.66 inches.

Hardness of Core Layers and Core Layer Materials

The inner core layer has a center hardness (H_(center)), i.e., hardnessof the geometric center of the core, as measured according to theprocedure given below, of 45 Shore C or greater, or 50 Shore C orgreater, or 55 Shore C or greater, or 60 Shore C or greater, or a centerhardness (H_(center)) within a range having a lower limit of 40 or 45 or50 or 55 or 60 Shore C and an upper limit of 65 or 70 or 75 or 80 ShoreC. The inner core layer has an outer surface hardness (H_(center)surface) of 65 Shore C or greater, or 70 Shore C or greater, or 75 ShoreC or greater, or 80 Shore C or greater, or an outer surface hardnesswithin a range having a lower limit of 55 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 ShoreC and an upper limit of 80 or 85 or 90 Shore C. In a particularembodiment, the Shore C hardness of the inner core layer's outer surfaceis greater than or equal to the Shore C hardness of the geometric centerof the core. In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer hasa positive hardness gradient wherein the Shore C hardness of the innercore layer's outer surface is at least 10 Shore C units greater, or atleast 15 Shore C units greater, or at least 19 Shore C units greaterthan the Shore C hardness of the geometric center of the core.

The outer core layer has an outer surface hardness(H_(outer core surface)) of 70 Shore C or greater, or 75 Shore C orgreater, or 80 Shore C or greater, or greater than 80 Shore C, or 85Shore C or greater, or greater than 85 Shore C, or 87 Shore C orgreater, or greater than 87 Shore C, or 89 Shore C or greater, orgreater than 89 Shore C, or 90 Shore C or greater, or greater than 90Shore C, or an outer surface hardness within a range having a lowerlimit of 70 or 72 or 75 or 80 or 85 or 90 Shore C and an upper limit of95 Shore C. In a particular embodiment, the overall dual core has apositive hardness gradient wherein the Shore C hardness of the outercore layer's outer surface is at least 20 Shore C units greater, or atleast 25 Shore C units greater, or at least 30 Shore C units greaterthan the Shore C hardness of the geometric center of the core. That is,in one embodiment, the difference between H_(outer core surface) andH_(center) is >20 Shore C units, and, in another embodiment, thedifference between H_(outer core surface) and H_(center) is >25 Shore Cunits. In another particular embodiment, the Shore C hardness of theouter core layer's outer surface is greater than the Shore C materialhardness of the inner cover layer.

In general, the material hardness of the outer core is within a rangehaving a lower limit of 70 or 75 or 80 or 83 or 85 Shore C and an upperlimit of 87 or 89 or 90 or 91 or 93 or 95 Shore C.

If an intermediate core layer is present, the outer surface hardness ofthe intermediate core layer (H_(intermediate core surface)) ispreferably 83 Shore C or greater, 85 Shore C or greater, or the outersurface hardness is within a range having a lower limit of 83, 86, 87,89 or 91 Shore C and an upper limit of 90 or 91 or 95 or greater ShoreC. As measured in Shore D, the outer surface hardness of theintermediate core layer (H_(intermediate core surface)) is preferably 50Shore D or more and is preferably within a range having a lower limit of50, 53, 55, 57, 60, 61, or 63 and an upper limit of 60, 62, 65, 67, 70,72, or 75 Shore D. In a particular embodiment,H_(intermediate core surface) is greater than H_(outer core surface).For purposes of the present disclosure, the outer surface hardness ofthe intermediate core layer (H_(intermediate core surface)) is measuredaccording to the procedure given herein for measuring the outer surfacehardness of a golf ball layer.

If an intermediate core layer is present, the intermediate core layerpreferably has a material hardness (H_(intermediate core material)) of98 Shore C or less, or 96 Shore C or less, or less than 96 Shore C, or95 Shore C or less, or 93 Shore C or less, or has a material hardness(H_(intermediate) core material) within a range having a lower limit of80 or 83 or 84 or 85 or 87 Shore C and an upper limit of 89 or 90 or 91or 92 or 95 or 97 or 99 Shore C. Preferably, the material hardness ofthe intermediate core layer (H_(intermediate core material)) is at least85 Shore C. In a particular embodiment, H_(intermediate core material)is greater than H_(outer core material).

Methods for Measuring Hardness

It should be understood that there is a fundamental difference between“material hardness” and “hardness as measured directly on a golf ball.”For purposes of the present disclosure, material hardness is measuredaccording to ASTM D2240 and generally involves measuring the hardness ofa flat “slab” or “button” formed of the material. Hardness as measureddirectly on a golf ball (or other spherical surface) typically resultsin a different hardness value. This difference in hardness values is dueto several factors including, but not limited to, ball construction(i.e., core type, number of core and/or cover layers, etc.), ball (orsphere) diameter, and the material composition of adjacent layers. Itshould also be understood that the two measurement techniques are notlinearly related and, therefore, one hardness value cannot easily becorrelated to the other. Unless otherwise stated, the material hardnessvalues given herein are measured according to ASTM D2240, with allvalues reported following 10 days of aging at 50% relative humidity and23° C.

For purposes of the present disclosure, the center hardness of the innercore layer (H_(center)) is obtained according to the followingprocedure. The core is gently pressed into a hemispherical holder havingan internal diameter approximately slightly smaller than the diameter ofthe core, such that the core is held in place in the hemisphericalportion of the holder while concurrently leaving the geometric centralplane of the core exposed. The core is secured in the holder byfriction, such that it will not move during the cutting and grindingsteps, but the friction is not so excessive that distortion of thenatural shape of the core would result. The core is secured such thatthe parting line of the core is roughly parallel to the top of theholder. The diameter of the core is measured 90 degrees to thisorientation prior to securing. A measurement is also made from thebottom of the holder to the top of the core to provide a reference pointfor future calculations. A rough cut is made slightly above the exposedgeometric center of the core using a band saw or other appropriatecutting tool, making sure that the core does not move in the holderduring this step. The remainder of the core, still in the holder, issecured to the base plate of a surface grinding machine. The exposed‘rough’ surface is ground to a smooth, flat surface, revealing thegeometric center of the core, which can be verified by measuring theheight from the bottom of the holder to the exposed surface of the core,making sure that exactly half of the original height of the core, asmeasured above, has been removed to within ±0.004 inches. Leaving thecore in the holder, the center of the core is found with a center squareand carefully marked and the hardness is measured at the center markaccording to ASTM D-2240. Additional hardness measurements at anydistance from the center of the core can then be made by drawing a lineradially outward from the center mark, and measuring the hardness at anygiven distance along the line, typically in 2 mm increments from thecenter. The hardness at a particular distance from the center should bemeasured along at least two, preferably four, radial arms located 180°apart, or 90° apart, respectively, and then averaged. All hardnessmeasurements performed on a plane passing through the geometric centerare performed while the core is still in the holder and without havingdisturbed its orientation, such that the test surface is constantlyparallel to the bottom of the holder, and thus also parallel to theproperly aligned foot of the durometer.

For purposes of the present disclosure, the outer surface hardness of agolf ball layer is measured on the actual outer surface of the layer andis obtained from the average of a number of measurements taken fromopposing hemispheres, taking care to avoid making measurements on theparting line of the core or on surface defects, such as holes orprotrusions. Hardness measurements are made pursuant to ASTM D-2240“Indentation Hardness of Rubber and Plastic by Means of a Durometer.”Because of the curved surface, care must be taken to insure that thegolf ball or golf ball subassembly is centered under the durometerindenter before a surface hardness reading is obtained. A calibrated,digital durometer, capable of reading to 0.1 hardness units is used forall hardness measurements and is set to take hardness readings at 1second after the maximum reading is obtained. The digital durometer mustbe attached to, and its foot made parallel to, the base of an automaticstand. The weight on the durometer and attack rate conform to ASTMD-2240.

For purposes of the present disclosure, a hardness gradient of a golfball layer is defined by hardness measurements made at the outer surfaceof the layer and the inner surface of the layer. “Negative” and“positive” refer to the result of subtracting the hardness value at theinnermost surface of the golf ball component from the hardness value atthe outermost surface of the component. For example, if the outersurface of a solid core has a lower hardness value than the center(i.e., the surface is softer than the center), the hardness gradientwill be deemed a “negative” gradient.

Thermoplastic layers of golf balls disclosed herein may be treated insuch a manner as to create a positive or negative hardness gradient, asdisclosed, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/939,632,filed Nov. 14, 2007; Ser. No. 11/939,634, filed Nov. 14, 2007; Ser. No.11/939,635, filed Nov. 14, 2007; and Ser. No. 11/939,637 filed Nov. 14,2007. The entire disclosure of each of these references is herebyincorporated herein by reference. In golf ball layers of the presentinvention wherein a thermosetting rubber is used, gradient-producingprocesses and/or gradient-producing rubber formulations may be employed,as disclosed, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/048,665, filed Mar. 14, 2008; Ser. No. 11/829,461, filed Jul. 27,2007; Ser. No. 11/772,903, filed Jul. 3, 2007; Ser. No. 11/832,163,filed Aug. 1, 2007; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,410,429. The entire disclosureof each of these references is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Inner Core Layer

In one embodiment, the inner core layer (center) is formed from athermoset rubber composition. Suitable rubber compositions includenatural and synthetic rubbers including, but not limited to,polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene propylene rubber (EPR),styrene-butadiene rubber, styrenic block copolymer rubbers (such as SI,SIS, SB, SBS, SIBS, and the like, where S is styrene, I is isobutylene,and B is butadiene), butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, polystyreneelastomers, polyethylene elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, polyureaelastomers, metallocene-catalyzed elastomers and plastomers, copolymersof isobutylene and para-alkylstyrene, halogenated copolymers ofisobutylene and para-alkylstyrene, copolymers of butadiene withacrylonitrile, polychloroprene, alkyl acrylate rubber, chlorinatedisoprene rubber, acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprene rubber, andcombinations of two or more thereof. Diene rubbers are preferred,particularly polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene, and mixtures ofpolybutadiene with other elastomers wherein the amount of polybutadienepresent is at least 40 wt % based on the total polymeric weight of themixture. Suitable polybutadiene-based and styrene-butadiene-based rubbercore compositions preferably comprise the base rubber, an initiatoragent, and a coagent.

Suitable examples of commercially available polybutadienes include, butare not limited to, Buna CB neodymium catalyzed polybutadiene rubbers,such as Buna CB 23, and Taktene® cobalt catalyzed polybutadiene rubbers,such as Taktene® 220 and 221, commercially available from LANXESS®Corporation; SE BR-1220, commercially available from The Dow ChemicalCompany; Europrene® NEOCIS® BR 40 and BR 60, commercially available fromPolimeri Europa®; UBEPOL-BR® rubbers, commercially available from UBEIndustries, Inc.; BR 01, commercially available from Japan SyntheticRubber Co., Ltd.; and Neodene neodymium catalyzed high cis polybutadienerubbers, such as Neodene BR 40, commercially available from Karbochem.

The rubber composition may be cured using conventional curingtechniques. Suitable curing methods include, for example,peroxide-curing, sulfur-curing, high-energy radiation, and combinationsthereof. Suitable high energy radiation sources include, but are notlimited to, electron beams, ultra-violet radiation, gamma radiation,X-ray radiation, infrared radiation, heat, and combinations thereof.Suitable organic peroxide initiator agents include, but are not limitedto, dicumyl peroxide; n-butyl-4,4-di(t-butylperoxy) valerate;1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane;2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy) hexane; di-t-butyl peroxide;di-t-amyl peroxide; t-butyl peroxide; t-butyl cumyl peroxide;2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3;di(2-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; dilauroyl peroxide; dibenzoylperoxide; t-butyl hydroperoxide; lauryl peroxide; benzoyl peroxide; andcombinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the initiator agent isdicumyl peroxide, including, but not limited to Perkadox® BC,commercially available from Akzo Nobel. Peroxide initiator agents aregenerally present in the rubber composition in an amount of at least0.05 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, or an amountwithin the range having a lower limit of 0.05 parts or 0.1 parts or 1part or 1.25 parts or 1.5 parts by weight per 100 parts of the baserubber, and an upper limit of 2.5 parts or 3 parts or 5 parts or 6 partsor 10 parts or 15 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber.

The rubber composition may further include a reactive crosslinkingcoagent, commonly used with peroxides to increase the state of cure.Suitable coagents include, but are not limited to, metal salts ofunsaturated carboxylic acids; unsaturated vinyl compounds andpolyfunctional monomers (e.g., trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate);phenylene bismaleimide; and combinations thereof. Particular examples ofsuitable metal salts include, but are not limited to, one or more metalsalts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates, and dimethacrylates,wherein the metal is selected from magnesium, calcium, zinc, aluminum,lithium, nickel, and sodium. In a particular embodiment, the coagent isselected from zinc salts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates,dimethacrylates, and mixtures thereof. In another particular embodiment,the coagent is zinc diacrylate. When the coagent is zinc diacrylateand/or zinc dimethacrylate, the coagent is typically included in therubber composition in an amount within the range having a lower limit of1 or 5 or 10 or 15 or 19 or 20 parts by weight per 100 parts of the baserubber, and an upper limit of 24 or 25 or 30 or 35 or 40 or 45 or 50 or60 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber. When one or moreless active coagents are used, such as zinc monomethacrylate and variousliquid acrylates and methacrylates, the amount of less active coagentused may be the same as or higher than for zinc diacrylate and zincdimethacrylate coagents. The desired compression may be obtained byadjusting the amount of crosslinking, which can be achieved, forexample, by altering the type and amount of coagent.

The rubber composition optionally includes a curing agent. Suitablecuring agents include, but are not limited to, sulfur; N-oxydiethylene2-benzothiazole sulfenamide; N,N-di-ortho-tolylguanidine; bismuthdimethyldithiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl 2-benzothiazole sulfenamide;N,N-diphenylguanidine; 4-morpholinyl-2-benzothiazole disulfide;dipentamethylenethiuram hexasulfide; thiuram disulfides;mercaptobenzothiazoles; sulfenamides; dithiocarbamates; thiuramsulfides; guanidines; thioureas; xanthates; dithiophosphates;aldehyde-amines; dibenzothiazyl disulfide; tetraethylthiuram disulfide;tetrabutylthiuram disulfide; and combinations thereof.

The rubber composition optionally contains one or more antioxidants.Antioxidants are compounds that can inhibit or prevent the oxidativedegradation of the rubber. Some antioxidants also act as free radicalscavengers; thus, when antioxidants are included in the rubbercomposition, the amount of initiator agent used may be as high or higherthan the amounts disclosed herein. Suitable antioxidants include, forexample, dihydroquinoline antioxidants, amine type antioxidants, andphenolic type antioxidants.

The rubber composition may contain one or more fillers to adjust thedensity and/or specific gravity of the core. Exemplary fillers includeprecipitated hydrated silica, clay, talc, asbestos, glass fibers, aramidfibers, mica, calcium metasilicate, zinc sulfate, barium sulfate, zincsulfide, lithopone, silicates, silicon carbide, diatomaceous earth,polyvinyl chloride, carbonates (e.g., calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate,barium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate), metals (e.g., titanium,tungsten, aluminum, bismuth, nickel, molybdenum, iron, lead, copper,boron, cobalt, beryllium, zinc, and tin), metal alloys (e.g., steel,brass, bronze, boron carbide whiskers, and tungsten carbide whiskers),oxides (e.g., zinc oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, aluminumoxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, and zirconium oxide),particulate carbonaceous materials (e.g., graphite, carbon black, cottonflock, natural bitumen, cellulose flock, and leather fiber),microballoons (e.g., glass and ceramic), fly ash, regrind (i.e., corematerial that is ground and recycled), nanofillers and combinationsthereof. The amount of particulate material(s) present in the rubbercomposition is typically within a range having a lower limit of 5 partsor 10 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, and an upperlimit of 30 parts or 50 parts or 100 parts by weight per 100 parts ofthe base rubber. Filler materials may be dual-functional fillers, suchas zinc oxide (which may be used as a filler/acid scavenger) andtitanium dioxide (which may be used as a filler/brightener material).

The rubber composition may also contain one or more additives selectedfrom processing aids, processing oils, plasticizers, coloring agents,fluorescent agents, chemical blowing and foaming agents, defoamingagents, stabilizers, softening agents, impact modifiers, free radicalscavengers, accelerators, scorch retarders, and the like. The amount ofadditive(s) typically present in the rubber composition is typicallywithin a range having a lower limit of 0 parts by weight per 100 partsof the base rubber, and an upper limit of 20 parts or 50 parts or 100parts or 150 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber.

The rubber composition optionally includes a soft and fast agent. Asused herein, “soft and fast agent” means any compound or a blend thereofthat is capable of making a core 1) softer (have a lower compression) ata constant COR and/or 2) faster (have a higher COR) at equalcompression, when compared to a core equivalently prepared without asoft and fast agent. Preferably, the rubber composition contains from0.05 phr to 10.0 phr of a soft and fast agent. In one embodiment, thesoft and fast agent is present in an amount within a range having alower limit of 0.05 or 0.1 or 0.2 or 0.5 phr and an upper limit of 1.0or 2.0 or 3.0 or 5.0 phr. In another embodiment, the soft and fast agentis present in an amount of from 2.0 phr to 5.0 phr, or from 2.35 phr to4.0 phr, or from 2.35 phr to 3.0 phr. In an alternative highconcentration embodiment, the soft and fast agent is present in anamount of from 5.0 phr to 10.0 phr, or from 6.0 phr to 9.0 phr, or from7.0 phr to 8.0 phr. In another embodiment, the soft and fast agent ispresent in an amount of 2.6 phr.

Suitable soft and fast agents include, but are not limited to,organosulfur and metal-containing organosulfur compounds; organic sulfurcompounds, including mono, di, and polysulfides, thiol, and mercaptocompounds; inorganic sulfide compounds; blends of an organosulfurcompound and an inorganic sulfide compound; Group VIA compounds;substituted and unsubstituted aromatic organic compounds that do notcontain sulfur or metal; aromatic organometallic compounds;hydroquinones; benzoquinones; quinhydrones; catechols; resorcinols; andcombinations thereof. As used herein, “organosulfur compound” refers toany compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur, where the sulfuris directly bonded to at least 1 carbon. As used herein, the term“sulfur compound” means a compound that is elemental sulfur, polymericsulfur, or a combination thereof. It should be further understood thatthe term “elemental sulfur” refers to the ring structure of S₈ and that“polymeric sulfur” is a structure including at least one additionalsulfur relative to elemental sulfur.

In a particular embodiment, the rubber composition includes anorganosulfur compound selected from halogenated thiophenol compounds,and, more particularly, the halogenated thiophenol ispentachlorothiophenol, which is commercially available in neat form orunder the tradename STRUKTOL®, a clay-based carrier containing thesulfur compound pentachlorothiophenol loaded at 45 percent (correlatingto 2.4 parts PCTP). STRUKTOL® is commercially available from StruktolCompany of America of Stow, Ohio. PCTP is commercially available in neatform from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. and in the salt form fromeChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. Even more particularly, thehalogenated thiophenol is the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol, whichis commercially available from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif.Suitable organosulfur compounds are further disclosed, for example, inU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,635,716, 6,919,393, 7,005,479 and 7,148,279, the entiredisclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

When the rubber composition includes one or more hydroquinones,benzoquinones, quinhydrones, catechols, resorcinols, or a combinationthereof, the total amount of hydroquinone(s), benzoquinone(s),quinhydrone(s), catechol(s), and/or resorcinol(s) present in thecomposition is typically at least 0.1 parts by weight or at least 0.15parts by weight or at least 0.2 parts by weight per 100 parts of thebase rubber, or an amount within the range having a lower limit of 0.1parts or 0.15 parts or 0.25 parts or 0.3 parts or 0.375 parts by weightper 100 parts of the base rubber, and an upper limit of 0.5 parts or 1part or 1.5 parts or 2 parts or 3 parts by weight per 100 parts of thebase rubber.

In a particular embodiment, the rubber composition includes a soft andfast agent selected from zinc pentachlorothiophenol,pentachlorothiophenol, ditolyl disulfide, diphenyl disulfide, dixylyldisulfide, 2-nitroresorcinol, and combinations thereof.

Suitable types and amounts of base rubber, initiator agent, coagent,filler, and additives are more fully described in, for example, U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,566,483, 6,695,718, and 6,939,907, 7,041,721 and 7,138,460,the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein byreference.

In another embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from athermoplastic composition. In a particular aspect of this embodiment,the inner core layer is formed from an ionomer composition. In anotherparticular aspect of this embodiment, the inner core layer is formedfrom a non-ionomeric composition.

Suitable ionomer compositions include partially neutralized ionomers andhighly neutralized ionomers, including ionomers formed from blends oftwo or more partially neutralized ionomers, blends of two or more highlyneutralized ionomers, and blends of one or more partially neutralizedionomers with one or more highly neutralized ionomers. Preferredionomers are salts of O/X- and O/X/Y-type acid copolymers, wherein O isan α-olefin, X is a C₃-C₈ α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid,and Y is a softening monomer. O is preferably selected from ethylene andpropylene. X is preferably selected from methacrylic acid, acrylic acid,ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid, and itaconic acid. Methacrylic acid andacrylic acid are particularly preferred. As used herein, “(meth) acrylicacid” means methacrylic acid and/or acrylic acid. Likewise, “(meth)acrylate” means methacrylate and/or acrylate. Y is preferably selectedfrom (meth) acrylate and alkyl (meth) acrylates wherein the alkyl groupshave from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, including, but not limited to, n-butyl(meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, methyl (meth) acrylate, andethyl (meth) acrylate. Particularly preferred O/X/Y-type copolymers areethylene/(meth) acrylic acid/n-butyl (meth) acrylate, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/isobutyl (meth) acrylate, ethylene/(meth) acrylicacid/methyl (meth) acrylate, and ethylene/(meth) acrylic acid/ethyl(meth) acrylate. The acid is typically present in the acid copolymer inan amount of 6 wt % or greater, or 9 wt % or greater, or 10 wt % orgreater, or 11 wt % or greater, or 15 wt % or greater, or 16 wt % orgreater, or 19 wt % or greater, or 20 wt % or greater, or in an amountwithin a range having a lower limit of 1 or 4 or 6 or 8 or 10 or 11 or12 or 15 wt % and an upper limit of 15 or 16 or 17 or 19 or 20 or 20.5or 21 or 25 or 30 or 35 or 40 wt %, based on the total weight of theacid copolymer. The acid copolymer is at least partially neutralizedwith a cation source, optionally in the presence of a high molecularweight organic acid, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,756,436,the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein byreference. In a particular embodiment, less than 40% of the acid groupspresent in the composition are neutralized. In another particularembodiment, from 40% to 60% of the acid groups present in thecomposition are neutralized. In another particular embodiment, from 60%to 70% of the acid groups present in the composition are neutralized. Inanother particular embodiment, from 60% to 80% of the acid groupspresent in the composition are neutralized. In another particularembodiment, from 70% to 80% of the acid groups present in thecomposition are neutralized. In another embodiment, from 80% to 100% ofthe acid groups present in the composition are neutralized. Suitablecation sources include, but are not limited to, metal ion sources, suchas compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals,and rare earth elements; ammonium salts and monoamine salts; andcombinations thereof. Preferred cation sources are compounds of lithium,sodium, potassium, magnesium, cesium, calcium, barium, lead, tin, zinc,aluminum, manganese, nickel, chromium, copper, or a combination thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the ionomer composition includes a bimodalionomer, for example, DuPont® AD1043 ionomers, and the ionomersdisclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0220343 andU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,562,906, 6,762,246 and 7,273,903, the entiredisclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Suitable ionomer compositions include blends of partially- orfully-neutralized ionomers with additional thermoplastic and thermosetmaterials, including, but not limited to, non-ionomeric acid copolymers,engineering thermoplastics, fatty acid/salt-based highly neutralizedpolymers, polybutadienes, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyesters,polyamides, polycarbonate/polyester blends, thermoplastic elastomers,maleic anhydride-grafted metallocene-catalyzed polymers (e.g., maleicanhydride-grafted metallocene-catalyzed polyethylene), and otherconventional polymeric materials.

Also suitable are polyester ionomers, including, but not limited to,those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,476,157 and 7,074,465,the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein byreference.

Also suitable are compositions comprising a silicone ionomer. Suitablethermoplastic silicone ionomer compositions include a silicone ionomeroptionally blended with one or more additional polymer componentsselected from E/X/Y-type ionomers of ethylene (E), an α,β-unsaturatedcarboxylic acid (X), and optionally a softening comonomer (Y);thermoplastic polyurethanes; polyesters; and polyamides. Suitablethermoset silicone ionomer compositions include a silicone ionomeroptionally blended with one or more additional polymer componentsselected from thermosetting polyurethanes and diene rubbers,particularly polybutadienes.

Silicone ionomers are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.8,329,156 to Horstman et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,835,583 to Saxena et al.;and Batra, Ashish, Claude Cohen, and T. M. Duncan. “Synthesis andRheology of Tailored Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Zinc and Sodium Ionomers.”Macromolecules (2005): 426-38. American Chemical Society. Web. 1 Oct.2014; the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein byreference.

Suitable ionomer compositions are further disclosed, for example, inU.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2005/0049367, 2005/0148725,2005/0020741, 2004/0220343, and 2003/0130434, and U.S. Pat. Nos.5,587,430, 5,691,418, 5,866,658, 6,100,321, 6,562,906, 6,653,382,6,756,436, 6,777,472, 6,762,246, 6,815,480, 6,894,098, 6,919,393,6,953,820, 6,994,638, 7,375,151, and 7,652,086, the entire disclosuresof which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Suitable non-ionomeric thermoplastic compositions include the following,including homopolymers and copolymers thereof, as well as theirderivatives that are compatibilized with at least one grafted orcopolymerized functional group, such as maleic anhydride, amine, epoxy,isocyanate, hydroxyl, sulfonate, phosphonate, and the like:

-   -   (a) non-ionomeric acid copolymers, particularly O/X- and        O/X/Y-type acid copolymers of an α-olefin (O), preferably        selected from ethylene and propylene; a C₃-C₈ α,β-ethylenically        unsaturated carboxylic acid (X), preferably selected from        acrylic, methacrylic, ethacrylic, crotonic, maleic, fumaric, and        itaconic acid; and an optional softening monomer (Y) preferably        selected from vinyl esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids wherein        the acid has from 2 to 10 carbons, alkyl ethers wherein the        alkyl group has from 1 to 10 carbons, and alkyl alkylacrylates        such as alkyl methacrylates wherein the alkyl group has from 1        to 10 carbons;    -   (b) polyesters, particularly those modified with a        compatibilizing group such as sulfonate or phosphonate,        including poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene        terephthalate), poly(propylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene        terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthenate), and derivatives        thereof, including, but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S.        Pat. Nos. 6,353,050, 6,274,298, and 6,001,930, the entire        disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by        reference;    -   (c) polyamides, polyamide-ethers, and polyamide-esters,        including, but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.        6,187,864, 6,001,930, and 5,981,654, the entire disclosures of        which are hereby incorporated herein by reference;    -   (d) polyimides, polyetherketones, and polyamideimides;    -   (e) polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof,        including, but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.        5,334,673, 5,484,870, 6,506,851, 6,756,436, 6,835,794,        6,867,279, 6,960,630, and 7,105,623, U.S. Patent Application        Publication Nos. 2014/0073458 and 2007/0117923, and U.S. Patent        Application Ser. No. 60/401,047, filed Aug. 6, 2002, the entire        disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by        reference;    -   (f) polystyrenes, such as poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride),        acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly(styrene sulfonate),        polyethylene styrene;    -   (g) polypropylenes, polyethylenes, and copolymers of propylene        and ethylene;    -   (h) ethylene elastomers;    -   (i) propylene elastomers;    -   (j) styrenic copolymers and styrenic block copolymers;    -   (k) dynamically vulcanized elastomers;    -   (l) polyvinyl chlorides;    -   (l) polyvinyl acetates, particularly those having less than        about 9% of vinyl acetate by weight;    -   (m) polycarbonates,        polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends,        polycarbonate/polyurethane blends, and polycarbonate/polyester        blends;    -   (n) polyvinyl alcohols;    -   (o) polyethers and polyether-esters;    -   (p) engineering thermoplastic vulcanizates, such as those        disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication        No. 2008/0132359, the entire disclosure of which is hereby        incorporated herein by reference;    -   (q) metallocene-catalyzed polymers, such as those disclosed in        U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,274,669, 5,919,862, 5,981,654, and 5,703,166,        the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein        by reference;    -   (r) fluoropolymers, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.        5,691,066, 6,747,110, and 7,009,002, the entire disclosures of        which are hereby incorporated herein by reference; and    -   (s) combinations of two or more thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from a blendof at least two different polymers. In a particular aspect of thisembodiment, at least one polymer is an ionomer.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend of at least a first and a second ionomer.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend of one or more ionomers and one or more additional polymersselected from non-ionomeric acid copolymers, polyesters, polyamides,polyurethanes, polystyrenes, and functionalized derivatives thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend of at least a functionalized polyethylene and a functionalizedpolymer selected from polyethylenes, including metallocene-catalyzed andnon-metallocene-catalyzed polyethylenes, ethylene vinyl acetates,ethylene acid copolymers, ethylene acrylate copolymers, ethyleneelastomers, and polypropylenes. In a particular aspect of thisembodiment, the functionalized polyethylene is a maleicanhydride-grafted polymer selected from ethylene homopolymers,ethylene-hexene copolymers, ethylene-octene copolymers, andethylene-butene copolymers.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend of at least an ionomer and a functionalized polymer selected frompolyethylenes, including metallocene-catalyzed andnon-metallocene-catalyzed polyethylenes, ethylene vinyl acetates,ethylene acid copolymers, ethylene elastomers, and polypropylenes. In aparticular aspect of this embodiment, the functionalized polymer is apolyethylene selected from ethylene homopolymers, ethylene-hexenecopolymers, ethylene-octene copolymers, and ethylene-butene copolymers.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend of at least an ionomer and a non-ionomeric acid copolymer.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend of at least an ionomer and a styrenic block copolymer orfunctionalized derivative thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend of at least an ionomer and an ethylene acrylate based polymer orfunctionalized derivative thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend of at least an ionomer and a polyoctenamer or a functionalizedderivative thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend including at least an ionomer and a thermoplastic polyurethane. Ina particular aspect of this embodiment, the polyurethane is selectedfrom the polyurethanes disclosed in U.S. Patent Application PublicationNo. 2005/0256294, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from ablend including:

-   -   (a) a first component selected from polyester elastomers (e.g.,        Hytrel® polyester elastomers, commercially available from E. I.        du Pont de Nemours and Company, and Riteflex® polyester        elastomers, commercially available from Ticona); polyether block        amides (e.g., Pebax® polyether and polyester amides);        polyester-ether amides; and polypropylene ether glycol        compositions, such as those disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Patent        Application Publication No. 2005/0256294, the entire disclosure        of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; and        combinations of two or more thereof;    -   (b) a second component selected from O/X/Y-type and O/X-type        ionomers, including partially and highly-neutralized ionomers,        particularly highly neutralized ionomers comprising fatty acid        salts, such as DuPont® HPF 1000 and HPF 2000 highly neutralized        ionomers, and VLMI-type ionomers, such as Surlyn® 9320 ionomer;        O/X/Y-type acid copolymers; polyamides and polyamide blends,        particularly selected from the polyamides and polyamide blends        disclosed above; and silicone ionomers.        In a particular aspect of this embodiment, the inner core layer        is formed from a blend including at least a polyester elastomer        and a highly neutralized ionomer comprising fatty acid salts.        Such blend is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.        7,375,151, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated        herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from acomposition selected from the relatively soft HNP compositions disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 7,468,006, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference, and the low modulus HNP compositionsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,207,903, the entire disclosure of which ishereby incorporated herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from acomposition selected from the relatively hard HNP compositions disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 7,468,006, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference, and the high modulus HNP compositionsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,207,903, the entire disclosure of which ishereby incorporated herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from anionomer composition which is formed by blending an acid polymer, anon-acid polymer, a cation source, and a fatty acid or metal saltthereof. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, the acid polymer isselected from ethylene-acrylic acid and ethylene-methacrylic acidcopolymers, optionally containing a softening monomer selected fromn-butyl acrylate and iso-butyl acrylate. In another particular aspect ofthis embodiment, the non-acid polymer is an elastomeric polymer selectedfrom ethylene-alkyl acrylate polymers, particularly polyethylene-butylacrylate, polyethylene-methyl acrylate, and polyethylene-ethyl acrylate;metallocene-catalyzed polymers; ethylene-butyl acrylate-carbon monoxidepolymers and ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon monoxide polymers;polyethylene-vinyl acetates; ethylene-alkyl acrylate polymers containinga cure site monomer; ethylene-propylene rubbers andethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubbers; olefinic ethylene elastomers,particularly ethylene-octene polymers, ethylene-butene polymers,ethylene-propylene polymers, and ethylene-hexene polymers; styrenicblock copolymers; polyester elastomers; polyamide elastomers; polyolefinrubbers, particularly polybutadiene, polyisoprene, and styrene-butadienerubber; and thermoplastic polyurethanes. The acid polymer and non-acidpolymer are combined and reacted with a cation source, such that atleast 80% of all acid groups present are neutralized. Ionomercompositions formed by blending an acid polymer, a non-acid polymer, acation source, and a fatty acid or metal salt thereof are furtherdisclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2014/0113748, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from aplasticized acid copolymer composition, a plasticized partiallyneutralized acid copolymer composition, or a plasticized HNPcomposition, wherein the composition comprises at least 0.5 wt %, basedon the total weight of the composition, of a plasticizer. Suitableplasticized acid copolymer compositions, plasticized partiallyneutralized acid copolymer compositions, and plasticized HNPcompositions are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2015/0151166, U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2015/0111668, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2015/0031475, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0005108, U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0141167, and U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2015/0151165, the entire disclosures ofwhich are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from aplasticized composition comprising a non-acid polymer and at least 1 wt% of a plasticizer. Suitable thermoplastic non-acid polymer/plasticizercompositions are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/755,936, filed Jun. 30, 2015, the entiredisclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from aplasticized polyester composition, such as those disclosed, for example,in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/532,141, filed Nov. 4, 2104, theentire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from aplasticized polyamide composition, such as those disclosed, for example,in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2014/0302947, 2014/0323243,2015/0057105, and 2015/0133238, the entire disclosures of which arehereby incorporated herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from atransparent polyamide/plasticizer composition, such as those disclosed,for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0182807,the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein byreference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from apolyamide/fatty acid amide composition, as disclosed, for example, inU.S. Pat. No. 8,987,360, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from apolyamide composition comprising a blend of polyamide, ethylene acidcopolymer ionomer, fatty acid amide, and plasticizer, as disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0190680, theentire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer is formed from aplasticized polyurethane composition, such as those disclosed, forexample, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/672,538, filed Mar. 30,2015; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/672,523, filed Mar. 30, 2015;U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/672,485, filed Mar. 30, 2015; andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/691,720, filed Apr. 21, 2015, theentire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

The thermoplastic inner core layer composition optionally includesadditive(s) and/or filler(s) in an amount of 50 wt % or less, or 30 wt %or less, or 20 wt % or less, or 15 wt % or less, based on the totalweight of the inner core layer composition. Suitable additives andfillers include, but are not limited to, chemical blowing and foamingagents, optical brighteners, coloring agents, fluorescent agents,whitening agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, defoaming agents,processing aids, antioxidants, stabilizers, softening agents, fragrancecomponents, plasticizers, impact modifiers, TiO₂, acid copolymer wax,surfactants, performance additives (e.g., A-C® performance additives,particularly A-C® low molecular weight ionomers and copolymers, A-C®oxidized polyethylenes, A-C® ethylene vinyl acetate waxes, and AClyn®low molecular weight ionomers, commercially available from HoneywellInternational Inc.), fatty acid amides (e.g., ethylene bis-stearamideand ethylene bis-oleamide), fatty acids and salts thereof (e.g., stearicacid, oleic acid, zinc stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc oleate, andmagnesium oleate), oxides (e.g., zinc oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide,calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, andzirconium oxide), carbonates (e.g., calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate,barium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate), barium sulfate, zincsulfate, tungsten, tungsten carbide, silica, lead silicate, clay, mica,talc, nano-fillers, carbon black, glass flake, milled glass, flock,fibers, and mixtures thereof. Suitable additives and fillers are morefully described in, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2003/0225197, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference. In a particular embodiment, the total amount ofadditive(s) and filler(s) present in the inner core layer composition is20 wt % or less, or 15 wt % or less, or 12 wt % or less, or 10 wt % orless, or 9 wt % or less, or 6 wt % or less, or 5 wt % or less, or 4 wt %or less, or 3 wt % or less, or within a range having a lower limit of 0or 2 or 3 or 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the inner core layercomposition, and an upper limit of 9 or 10 or 12 or 15 or 20 wt %, basedon the total weight of the inner core layer composition. In a particularaspect of this embodiment, the inner core layer composition includesfiller(s) selected from carbon black, micro- and nano-scale clays andorganoclays, including (e.g., Cloisite® and Nanofil® nanoclays,commercially available from Southern Clay Products, Inc.; Nanomax® andNanomer® nanoclays, commercially available from Nanocor, Inc., andPerkalite® nanoclays, commercially available from Akzo Nobel PolymerChemicals), micro- and nano-scale talcs (e.g., Luzenac HAR® high aspectratio talcs, commercially available from Luzenac America, Inc.), glass(e.g., glass flake, milled glass, microglass, and glass fibers), micro-and nano-scale mica and mica-based pigments (e.g., Iriodin® pearl lusterpigments, commercially available from The Merck Group), and combinationsthereof. Particularly suitable combinations of fillers include, but arenot limited to, micro-scale filler(s) combined with nano-scalefiller(s), and organic filler(s) with inorganic filler(s).

The thermoplastic inner core layer composition optionally includes oneor more melt flow modifiers. Suitable melt flow modifiers includematerials which increase the melt flow of the composition, as measuredusing ASTM D-1238, condition E, at 190° C., using a 2160 gram weight.Examples of suitable melt flow modifiers include, but are not limitedto, fatty acids and fatty acid salts, including, but not limited to,those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,760, the entire disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated herein by reference; fatty amides;polyhydric alcohols, including, but not limited to, those disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 7,365,128, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2010/0099514, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference; polylactic acids, including, but not limited to,those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,642,319, the entire disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated herein by reference; and the modifiersdisclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0099514 and2009/0203469, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference. Flow enhancing additives also include, but are notlimited to, montanic acids, esters of montanic acids and salts thereof,bis-stearoylethylenediamine, mono- and polyalcohol esters such aspentaerythritol tetrastearate, zwitterionic compounds, andmetallocene-catalyzed polyethylene and polypropylene wax, includingmaleic anhydride modified versions thereof, amide waxes and alkylenediamides such as bistearamides. Particularly suitable fatty amidesinclude, but are not limited to, saturated fatty acid monoamides (e.g.,lauramide, palmitamide, arachidamide behenamide, stearamide, and12-hydroxy stearamide); unsaturated fatty acid monoamides (e.g.,oleamide, erucamide, and ricinoleamide); N-substituted fatty acid amides(e.g., N-stearyl stearamide, N-behenyl behenamide, N-stearyl behenamide,N-behenyl stearamide, N-oleyl oleamide, N-oleyl stearamide, N-stearyloleamide, N-stearyl erucamide, erucyl erucamide, and erucyl stearamide,N-oleyl palmitamide, methylol amide (more preferably, methylolstearamide, methylol behenamide); saturated fatty acid bis-amides (e.g.,methylene bis-stearamide, ethylene bis-stearamide, ethylenebis-isostearamide, ethylene bis-hydroxystearamide, ethylenebis-behenamide, hexamethylene bis-stearamide, hexamethylenebis-behenamide, hexamethylene bis-hydroxystearamide, N,N′-distearyladipamide, and N,N′-distearyl sebacamide); unsaturated fatty acidbis-amides (e.g., ethylene bis-oleamide, hexamethylene bis-oleamide,N,N′-dioleyl adipamide, N,N′-dioleyl sebacamide); and saturated andunsaturated fatty acid tetra amides, stearyl erucamide, ethylene bisstearamide and ethylene bis oleamide. Suitable examples of commerciallyavailable fatty amides include, but are not limited to, Kemamide® fattyacids, such as Kemamide® B (behenamide/arachidamide), Kemamide® W40(N,N′-ethylenebisstearamide), Kemamide® P181 (oleyl palmitamide),Kemamide® S (stearamide), Kemamide® U (oleamide), Kemamide® E(erucamide), Kemamide® O (oleamide), Kemamide® W45(N,N′-ethylenebisstearamide), Kenamide® W20 (N,N′-ethylenebisoleamide),Kemamide® E180 (stearyl erucamide), Kemamide® E221 (erucyl erucamide),Kemamide® S180 (stearyl stearamide), Kemamide® 5221 (erucyl stearamide),commercially available from Chemtura Corporation; and Crodamide® fattyamides, such as Crodamide® OR (oleamide), Crodamide® ER (erucamide),Crodamide® SR (stereamide), Crodamide® BR (behenamide), Crodamide® 203(oleyl palmitamide), and Crodamide® 212 (stearyl erucamide),commercially available from Croda Universal Ltd.

Non-limiting examples of suitable commercially available thermoplasticsfor use in forming the inner core layer are Surlyn® ionomers, DuPont®HPF 1000, HPF 2000, HPF AD1035, HPF AD1040, and AD1043 ionomers,commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company;Clarix® ionomers, commercially available from A. Schulman, Inc.; Iotek®ionomers, commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company;AClyn® ionomers, commercially available from Honeywell InternationalInc.; Amplify® IO ionomers, commercially available from The Dow ChemicalCompany; Amplify® GR functional polymers and Amplify® TY functionalpolymers, commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company;Fusabond® functionalized polymers, including ethylene vinyl acetates,polyethylenes, metallocene-catalyzed polyethylenes, ethylene propylenerubbers, and polypropylenes, commercially available from E. I. du Pontde Nemours and Company; Exxelor® maleic anhydride grafted polymers,including high density polyethylene, polypropylene, semi-crystallineethylene copolymer, amorphous ethylene copolymer, commercially availablefrom ExxonMobil Chemical Company; ExxonMobil® PP series polypropyleneimpact copolymers, such as PP7032E3, PP7032KN, PP7033E3, PP7684KN,commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company; Vistamaxx®propylene-based elastomers, commercially available from ExxonMobilChemical Company; Exact® plastomers, commercially available fromExxonMobil Chemical Company; Santoprene® thermoplastic vulcanizedelastomers, commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company;Nucrel® acid copolymers, commercially available from E. I. du Pont deNemours and Company; Escor® acid copolymers, commercially available fromExxonMobil Chemical Company; Primacor® acid copolymers, commerciallyavailable from The Dow Chemical Company; Kraton® styrenic blockcopolymers, commercially available from Kraton Performance PolymersInc.; Septon® styrenic block copolymers, commercially available fromKuraray Co., Ltd.; Lotader® ethylene acrylate based polymers,commercially available from Arkema Corporation; Polybond® graftedpolyethylenes and polypropylenes, commercially available from ChemturaCorporation; Vestenamer® polyoctenamer, commercially available fromEvonik Industries; Pebax® polyether and polyester amides, commerciallyavailable from Arkema Inc.; Hytrel® polyester elastomers, commerciallyavailable from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Riteflex® polyesterelastomers, commercially available from Ticona; Estane® thermoplasticpolyurethanes, commercially available from The Lubrizol Corporation;Grivory® polyamides and Grilamid® polyamides, commercially availablefrom EMS Grivory; Zytel® polyamide resins and Elvamide® nylonmultipolymer resins, commercially available from E. I. du Pont deNemours and Company; Elvaloy® acrylate copolymer resins, commerciallyavailable from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Xylex®polycarbonate/polyester blends, commercially available from SABICInnovative Plastics; and Elastollan® polyurethane-based thermoplasticelastomers, commercially available from BASF.

Intermediate Core Layer

The intermediate core layer is formed of a thermosetting orthermoplastic composition and preferably has a thickness of about 0.010to 0.150 inches, preferably about 0.015 to 0.070, more preferably about0.025 to 0.050, said thickness having a lower limit of about 0.015,0.020, 0.030 or 0.040 and an upper limit of about 0.125 or 0.100, or0.080 or 0.060 inches. The composition of the layer may be athermosetting diene rubber composition, preferably comprisingpolybutadiene and having a formulation similar to that of the center asdiscussed above, or it may comprise a thermoplastic material such as anionomer, polyester, polyamide, polyamide-ester or polyether-ester. Inone preferred embodiment, the composition comprises apolyethylene-(meth)acrylic acid copolymer that is partially neutralized(less than 80% neutralization) with a cation source. Suitablethermoplastic materials that can be used to form the intermediate coreinclude any of those thermoplastic materials described herein as beingsuitable cover materials, including ionomer resins and blends thereof(e.g., Surlyn® ionomers sold by DuPont; Iotek® ionomers sold byExxonMobil Chemical; Amplify® ionomers sold by the Dow Chemical Co; andClarix® ionomer resins sold by A. Schulman, Inc.). Also suitable forforming the intermediate core layer are the inner core layercompositions described above.

For example, compositions comprising an ionomer or a blend of two ormore ionomers are particularly suitable for forming the intermediatecore layer. Preferred ionomeric compositions include: (a) a compositioncomprising a “high acid ionomer” (i.e., having an acid content ofgreater than 16 wt %), such as Surlyn® 8150, a copolymer of ethylene andmethacrylic acid, having an acid content of 19 wt %, which is 45%neutralized with sodium; (b) a composition comprising a high acidionomer and a maleic anhydride-grafted non-ionomeric polymer (e.g.,Fusabond® maleic anhydride-grafted metallocene-catalyzed ethylene-butenecopolymers). A particularly preferred blend of high acid ionomer andmaleic anhydride-grafted polymer is a blend of 79-85 wt % Surlyn® 8150and 15-21 wt % Fusabond®. Blends of high acid ionomers with maleicanhydride-grafted polymers are further disclosed, for example, in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,992,135 and 6,677,401, the entire disclosures of which arehereby incorporated herein by reference; (c) a composition comprising a50/45/5 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn®. 9650/Nucrel® 960, preferablyhaving a material hardness of from 80 to 85 Shore C; (d) a compositioncomprising a 50/25/25 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650/Surlyn® 9910,preferably having a material hardness of about 90 Shore C; (e) acomposition comprising a 50/50 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650,preferably having a material hardness of about 86 Shore C; (f) acomposition comprising a blend of Surlyn® 7940/Surlyn® 8940, optionallyincluding a melt flow modifier; (g) a composition comprising a blend ofa first high acid ionomer and a second high acid ionomer, wherein thefirst high acid ionomer is neutralized with a different cation than thesecond high acid ionomer (e.g., 50/50 blend of Surlyn® 8150 and Surlyn®9150), optionally including one or more melt flow modifiers such as anionomer, ethylene-acid copolymer or ester terpolymer; and (h) acomposition comprising a blend of a first high acid ionomer and a secondhigh acid ionomer, wherein the first high acid ionomer is neutralizedwith a different cation than the second high acid ionomer, and from 0 to10 wt % of an ethylene/acid/ester ionomer wherein theethylene/acid/ester ionomer is neutralized with the same cation aseither the first high acid ionomer or the second high acid ionomer or adifferent cation than the first and second high acid ionomers (e.g., ablend of 40-50 wt % Surlyn® 8140, 40-50 wt % Surlyn® 9120, and 0-10 wt %Surlyn® 6320).

Surlyn® 8150, Surlyn®8940, and Surlyn®8140 are different grades of E/MAAcopolymer in which the acid groups have been partially neutralized withsodium ions. Surlyn® 9650, Surlyn®9910, Surlyn®9150, and Surlyn®9120 aredifferent grades of E/MAA copolymer in which the acid groups have beenpartially neutralized with zinc ions. Surlyn®7940 is an E/MAA copolymerin which the acid groups have been partially neutralized with lithiumions. Surlyn®6320 is a very low modulus magnesium ionomer with a mediumacid content. Nucrel® 960 is an E/MAA copolymer resin nominally madewith 15 wt % methacrylic acid. Surlyn® ionomers, Fusabond® copolymers,and Nucrel® copolymers are commercially available from E. I. du Pont deNemours and Company.

As discussed above, the intermediate core layer may be formed of athermosetting or thermoplastic composition including, but not limitedto, natural rubbers, balata, gutta-percha, cis-polybutadienes,trans-polybutadienes, synthetic polyisoprene rubbers, polyoctenamers,styrene-propylene-diene rubbers, metallocene rubbers, styrene-butadienerubbers, ethylene-propylene rubbers, chloroprene rubbers, acrylonitrilerubbers, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers, styrene-ethylene blockcopolymers, maleic anhydride or succinate modified metallocene catalyzedethylene copolymers, polypropylene resins, ionomer resins, polyamides,polyesters, polyurethanes, polyureas, chlorinated polyethylenes,polysulfide rubbers, fluorocarbons, and combinations thereof.

Outer Core Layer

Suitable thermoplastic materials that can be used to form the outer coreinclude, but are not limited to, any of those thermoplastic materialsdescribed herein as being suitable inner core layer, intermediate corelayer, or cover materials, including ionomer resins and blends thereof(e.g., Surlyn® ionomers sold by DuPont; Iotek® ionomers sold byExxonMobil Chemical; Amplify® ionomers sold by the Dow Chemical Co; andClarix® ionomer resins sold by A. Schulman, Inc.). The outer core ispreferably formed from a highly resilient thermoplastic polymer such asa highly neutralized polymer composition. HNP compositions suitable foruse in forming the outer core layer of golf balls of the presentinvention preferably have a material hardness of 35 Shore D or greater,and more preferably have a hardness of 45 Shore D or greater, or ahardness within a range having a lower limit of 45 or 50 or 55 or 57 or58 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 Shore D and an upper limit of 80 or 85 or 90or 95 Shore D.

Suitable HNP compositions for use in forming the outer core layercomprise an HNP and optionally melt flow modifier(s), additive(s),and/or filler(s). Suitable HNPs are salts of acid copolymers. It isunderstood that the HNP may be a blend of two or more HNPs. Preferredacid copolymers are copolymers of an α-olefin and a C₃-C₈α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid. The acid is typicallypresent in the acid copolymer in an amount within a range having a lowerlimit of 1 or 10 or 12 or 15 or 20 wt % and an upper limit of 25 or 30or 35 or 40 wt %, based on the total weight of the acid copolymer. Theα-olefin is preferably selected from ethylene and propylene. The acid ispreferably selected from (meth) acrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, maleicacid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic acid. (Meth) acrylicacid is particularly preferred. Suitable acid copolymers includepartially neutralized acid polymers. Examples of suitable partiallyneutralized acid polymers include, but are not limited to, Surlyn®ionomers, commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours andCompany; AClyn® ionomers, commercially available from HoneywellInternational Inc.; and Iotek® ionomers, commercially available fromExxonMobil Chemical Company. Also suitable are DuPont® HPF 1000 andDuPont® HPF 2000, ionomeric materials commercially available from E. I.du Pont de Nemours and Company.

Suitable ethylene acid copolymers include, without limitation,ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/maleicanhydride, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/maleic acid mono-ester,ethylene/maleic acid, ethylene/maleic acid mono-ester,ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/n-butyl (meth)acrylate,ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/iso-butyl (meth)acrylate,ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/methyl (meth)acrylate,ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/ethyl (meth)acrylate terpolymers, and thelike. The term, “copolymer,” as used herein, includes polymers havingtwo types of monomers, those having three types of monomers, and thosehaving more than three types of monomers. Preferred α,β-ethylenicallyunsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids are (meth) acrylic acid,ethacrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, itaconicacid. (Meth) acrylic acid is most preferred. As used herein, “(meth)acrylic acid” means methacrylic acid and/or acrylic acid. Likewise,“(meth) acrylate” means methacrylate and/or acrylate.

When a softening monomer is included, such copolymers are referred toherein as E/X/Y-type copolymers, wherein E is ethylene; X is a C₃ to C₈α,β-ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid; and Y is asoftening monomer. The softening monomer is typically an alkyl (meth)acrylate, wherein the alkyl groups have from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.Preferred E/X/Y-type copolymers are those wherein X is (meth) acrylicacid and/or Y is selected from (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate,isobutyl (meth) acrylate, methyl (meth) acrylate, and ethyl (meth)acrylate. More preferred E/X/Y-type copolymers are ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/n-butyl acrylate, ethylene/(meth) acrylic acid/methylacrylate, and ethylene/(meth) acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate.

“Low acid” and “high acid” ionomeric polymers, as well as blends of suchionomers, may be used. In general, low acid ionomers are considered tobe those containing 16 wt % or less of acid moieties, whereas high acidionomers are considered to be those containing greater than 16 wt % ofacid moieties.

The HNP is formed by reacting the acid copolymer with a sufficientamount of cation source such that at least 80%, preferably at least 90%,more preferably at least 95%, and even more preferably 100%, of all acidgroups present are neutralized. Suitable cation sources include metalions and compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, andtransition metals; metal ions and compounds of rare earth elements;silicone, silane, and silicate derivatives and complex ligands; andcombinations thereof. Preferred cation sources are metal ions andcompounds of magnesium, sodium, potassium, cesium, calcium, barium,manganese, copper, zinc, tin, lithium, and rare earth metals. Metal ionsand compounds of calcium and magnesium are particularly preferred. Theacid copolymer may be at least partially neutralized prior to contactingthe acid copolymer with the cation source to form the HNP. Methods ofpreparing ionomers, and the acid copolymers on which ionomers are based,are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,264,272, and 4,351,931,and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0013413.

In a preferred embodiment, the acid polymer of the HNP outer core layercomposition has a modulus within a range having a lower limit of 25,000or 27,000 or 30,000 or 40,000 or 45,000 or 50,000 or 55,000 or 60,000psi and an upper limit of 72,000 or 75,000 or 100,000 or 150,000 psi. Asused herein, “modulus” refers to flexural modulus as measured using astandard flex bar according to ASTM D790-B. Additional suitable acidpolymers are more fully described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,562,906, 6,762,246, and 6,953,820 and U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication Nos. 2005/0049367, 2005/0020741, and 2004/0220343, theentire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

HNP outer core layer compositions of the present invention optionallycontain one or more melt flow modifiers. The amount of melt flowmodifier in the composition is readily determined such that the meltflow index of the composition is at least 0.1 g/10 min, preferably from0.5 g/10 min to 10.0 g/10 min, and more preferably from 1.0 g/10 min to6.0 g/10 min, as measured using ASTM D-1238, condition E, at 190° C.,using a 2160 gram weight.

Suitable melt flow modifiers include, but are not limited to, highmolecular weight organic acids and salts thereof, polyamides,polyesters, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, polyethers, polyureas,polyhydric alcohols, and combinations thereof. Suitable organic acidsare aliphatic organic acids, aromatic organic acids, saturatedmono-functional organic acids, unsaturated monofunctional organic acids,multi-unsaturated mono-functional organic acids, and dimerizedderivatives thereof. Particular examples of suitable organic acidsinclude, but are not limited to, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capricacid, lauric acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, oleic acid,linoleic acid, myristic acid, benzoic acid, palmitic acid, phenylaceticacid, naphthalenoic acid, dimerized derivatives thereof. Suitableorganic acids are more fully described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.6,756,436, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated hereinby reference.

Additional melt flow modifiers suitable for use in compositions of thepresent invention, include the non-fatty acid melt flow modifiersdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,365,128 and 7,402,629, the entiredisclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

HNP outer core layer compositions of the present invention optionallyinclude additive(s) and/or filler(s) in an amount within a range havinga lower limit of 0 or 5 or 10 wt %, and an upper limit of 25 or 30 or 50wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. Suitable additivesand fillers include, but are not limited to, chemical blowing andfoaming agents, optical brighteners, coloring agents, fluorescentagents, whitening agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, defoamingagents, processing aids, mica, talc, nano-fillers, antioxidants,stabilizers, softening agents, fragrance components, plasticizers,impact modifiers, TiO₂, acid copolymer wax, surfactants, and fillers,such as zinc oxide, tin oxide, barium sulfate, zinc sulfate, calciumoxide, calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate, barium carbonate, clay,tungsten, tungsten carbide, silica, lead silicate, regrind (recycledmaterial), and mixtures thereof. Suitable additives are more fullydescribed in, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2003/0225197, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

In a particular embodiment, the HNP outer core layer composition has amoisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of 8 g-mil/100 in²/day or less(i.e., 3.2 g-mm/m²·day or less), or 5 g-mil/100 in²/day or less (i.e.,2.0 g-mm/m²·day or less), or 3 g-mil/100 in²/day or less (i.e., 1.2g-mm/m²·day or less), or 2 g-mil/100 in²/day or less (i.e., 0.8g-mm/m²·day or less), or 1 g-mil/100 in²/day or less (i.e., 0.4g-mm/m²·day or less), or less than 1 g-mil/100 in²/day (i.e., less than0.4 g-mm/m²·day). Suitable moisture resistant HNP compositions aredisclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos.2005/0267240, 2006/0106175 and 2006/0293464, the entire disclosures ofwhich are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In another particular embodiment, a sphere formed from the HNP outercore layer composition has a compression of 70 or greater, or 80 orgreater, or a compression within a range having a lower limit of 70 or80 or 90 or 100 and an upper limit of 110 or 130 or 140.

HNP outer core layer compositions of the present invention are notlimited by any particular method or any particular equipment for makingthe compositions. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is preparedby the following process. The acid polymer(s), preferably anethylene/(meth) acrylic acid copolymer, optional melt flow modifier(s),and optional additive(s)/filler(s) are simultaneously or individuallyfed into a melt extruder, such as a single or twin screw extruder. Asuitable amount of cation source is then added such that at least 80%,preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, and even morepreferably 100%, of all acid groups present are neutralized. The acidpolymer may be at least partially neutralized prior to the aboveprocess. The components are intensively mixed prior to being extruded asa strand from the die-head.

Suitable HNP outer core layer compositions of the present invention alsoinclude blends of HNPs with partially neutralized ionomers as disclosed,for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0128904,the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein byreference, and blends of HNPs with additional thermoplastic andelastomeric materials. Examples of thermoplastic materials suitable forblending include bimodal ionomers (e.g., as disclosed in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2004/0220343 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,562,906,6,762,246 and 7,273,903, the entire disclosures of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference), ionomers modified with rosins (e.g.,as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0020741,the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference),soft and resilient ethylene copolymers (e.g., as disclosed U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2003/0114565, the entire disclosure of whichis hereby incorporated herein by reference), polyolefins, polyamides,polyesters, polyethers, polycarbonates, polysulfones, polyacetals,polylactones, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, polyphenyleneoxide, polyphenylene sulfide, styrene-acrylonitrile resins, styrenemaleic anhydride, polyimides, aromatic polyketones, ionomers andionomeric precursors, acid copolymers, conventional HNPs, polyurethanes,grafted and non-grafted metallocene-catalyzed polymers, single-sitecatalyst polymerized polymers, high crystalline acid polymers, cationicionomers, and combinations thereof.

Particular polyolefins suitable for blending include one or more,linear, branched, or cyclic, C₂-C₄₀ olefins, particularly polymerscomprising ethylene or propylene copolymerized with one or more C₂-C₄₀olefins, C₃-C₂₀ α-olefins, or C₃-C₁₀ α-olefins. Particular conventionalHNPs suitable for blending include, but are not limited to, one or moreof the HNPs disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,756,436, 6,894,098, and6,953,820, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference. Examples of elastomers suitable for blendinginclude natural and synthetic rubbers, including, but not limited to,ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM),styrenic block copolymer rubbers (such as SI, SIS, SB, SBS, SIBS, andthe like, where S is styrene, I is isobutylene, and B is butadiene),butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, copolymers of isobutylene andpara-alkylstyrene, halogenated copolymers of isobutylene andpara-alkylstyrene, natural rubber, polyisoprene, copolymers of butadienewith acrylonitrile, polychloroprene, alkyl acrylate rubber, chlorinatedisoprene rubber, acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprene rubber, andpolybutadiene rubber (cis and trans). Additional suitable blend polymersinclude those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,658, for example atcolumn 14, lines 30 to 56, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference. The blends described herein may beproduced by post-reactor blending, by connecting reactors in series tomake reactor blends, or by using more than one catalyst in the samereactor to produce multiple species of polymer. The polymers may bemixed prior to being put into an extruder, or they may be mixed in anextruder.

HNP outer core layer compositions of the present invention, in the neat(i.e., unfilled) form, preferably have a specific gravity of from 0.95g/cc to 0.99 g/cc. Any suitable filler, flake, fiber, particle, or thelike, of an organic or inorganic material may be added to the HNPcomposition to increase or decrease the specific gravity, particularlyto adjust the weight distribution within the golf ball, as furtherdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,494,795, 6,547,677, 6,743,123, 7,074,137,and 6,688,991, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

Suitable HNP compositions are further disclosed, for example, in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,653,382, 6,756,436, 6,777,472, 6,894,098, 6,919,393, and6,953,820, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference. Particularly suitable for use in forming outer corelayers of golf balls of the present invention are the “relatively hardHNP compositions” disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2007/0207879, the “high modulus HNP compositions” disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 7,207,903, and the highly neutralized acid polymer compositionsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,994,638, the entire disclosures of whichare hereby incorporated herein by reference.

The outer core layer is alternatively formed from a highly resilientthermoplastic polymer composition selected from Hytrel® thermoplasticpolyester elastomers, commercially available from E. I. du Pont deNemours and Company, and Pebax® thermoplastic polyether block amides,commercially available from Arkema Inc.

Additional materials suitable for forming the inner and outer corelayers include the core compositions disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.7,300,364, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated hereinby reference. For example, suitable core materials include HNPsneutralized with organic fatty acids and salts thereof, metal cations,or a combination of both. In addition to HNPs neutralized with organicfatty acids and salts thereof, core compositions may comprise at leastone rubber material having a resilience index of at least about 40.Preferably the resilience index is at least about 50. The weightdistribution of the cores disclosed herein can be varied to achievecertain desired parameters, such as spin rate, compression, and initialvelocity.

Cover Structure

In one embodiment, the two-layer or three-layer core is enclosed with adual-cover comprising an inner cover layer and an outer cover layer.According to an embodiment of the present invention, the surfacehardness of the outer core layer's outer surface is greater than thematerial hardness of the inner cover layer. In a particular embodiment,the surface hardness of the outer core layer's outer surface(H_(outer core surface)) is greater than the material hardness of boththe inner cover layer (H_(inner cover material)) and the outer coverlayer (H_(outer cover material)).

The inner cover layer preferably has an outer surface hardness(H_(inner cover surface)) of 96 Shore C or less, or 95 Shore C or less,or an outer surface hardness within a range having a lower limit of 80or 85 or 87 Shore C and an upper limit of 90 or 91 or 95 or 96 or 97 or98 Shore C. For purposes of the present disclosure, the outer surfacehardness of the inner cover layer (H_(inner cover surface)) is measuredaccording to the procedure given herein for measuring the outer surfacehardness of a golf ball layer.

The inner cover layer preferably has a material hardness(H_(inner cover material)) of 95 Shore C or less, or less than 95 ShoreC, or 92 Shore C or less, or 90 Shore C or less, or has a materialhardness (H_(inner cover material)) within a range having a lower limitof 70 or 75 or 80 or 84 or 85 or 87 Shore C and an upper limit of 90 or91 or 92 or 95 Shore C. In one preferred embodiment, the inner coverlayer is formed from a thermoplastic composition and has a materialhardness (H_(inner) cover material) of 80 to 95 Shore C. In anotherpreferred embodiment, H_(outer core surface) is 85 Shore C or greaterand H_(inner cover material) is 84 Shore C to 92 Shore C. The thicknessof the inner cover layer is preferably within a range having a lowerlimit of 0.010 or 0.015 or 0.020 or 0.025 or 0.030 inches and an upperlimit of 0.035 or 0.045 or 0.050 or 0.080 or 0.120 or 0.150 inches.

The outer cover layer preferably has an outer surface hardness(H_(outer cover surface)) within a range having a lower limit of 20 or30 or 35 or 40 Shore D and an upper limit of 52 or 58 or 60 or 65 or 70or 72 or 75 Shore D.

The outer cover layer preferably has a material hardness(H_(outer cover material)) of 85 Shore C or less. The thickness of theouter cover layer is preferably within a range having a lower limit of0.010 or 0.015 or 0.020 or 0.025 inches and an upper limit of 0.035 or0.040 or 0.050 or 0.055 or 0.080 inches.

Optionally, one or more intermediate cover layer(s) may be included inthe cover structure and generally each intermediate cover layer has athickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.020 or 0.025inches and an upper limit of 0.050 or 0.150 or 0.200 inches. Thus, asshown in FIG. 3, the present invention provides a golf ball having amulti-layered cover including an inner cover layer 58, an intermediatecover layer 60, and an outer cover layer 62. The intermediate coverlayer preferably has an outer surface hardness (H_(intermediate) coversurface) of 85 Shore C or greater, or an outer surface hardness within arange having a lower limit of 83, 86, 87, 89, or 91 Shore C and an upperlimit of 90 or 91 or 95 or greater Shore C. As measured in Shore D, theouter surface hardness (H_(intermediate cover surface)) preferably is 50Shore D or greater and preferably is within a range having a lower limitof 50, 53, 55, 57, 60, 61, or 63 and an upper limit of 60, 62, 63, 65,67, 70, 72, 73, or 75 Shore D. For purposes of the present disclosure,the outer surface hardness of the intermediate cover layer(H_(intermediate cover surface)) is measured according to the proceduregiven herein for measuring the outer surface hardness of a golf balllayer.

The intermediate cover layer preferably has a material hardness(H_(intermediate cover material)) of 98 Shore C or less, or less than 96Shore C, or 95 Shore C or less, or 93 Shore C or less, or has a materialhardness (H_(intermediate cover material)) within a range having a lowerlimit of 80 or 84 or 85 or 87 Shore C and an upper limit of 89 or 90 or91 or 92 or 95 or 97 or 99 Shore C. The thickness of the intermediatecover layer is preferably within a range having a lower limit of 0.010or 0.015 or 0.020 or 0.025 or 0.030 inches and an upper limit of 0.035or 0.045 or 0.050 or 0.080 or 0.120 or 0.150 inches.

The intermediate cover layer may comprise any of the cover materialsdisclosed herein and preferably comprises an ionomer or a blend of twoor more ionomers. In one embodiment, the intermediate cover layercomprises a blend of a high acid and a low acid ionomer such as Surlyn®8150 with Surlyn® 7940 or a blend of high acid ionomers such as Surlyn®8150 and 9150 or 8546. In a preferred embodiment the intermediate coverlayer has a material hardness (H_(intermediate cover material)) greaterthan the material hardness of the inner cover layer(H_(inner cover material)) and a surface hardness(H_(intermediate cover surface)) greater than the surface hardness ofthe inner cover layer (H_(inner cover surface)).

The dual or multi-layered cover of the golf ball preferably has anoverall thickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.020or 0.025 or 0.030 or 0.040 or 0.045 or 0.050 or 0.060 inches and anupper limit of 0.070 or 0.075 or 0.080 or 0.090 or 0.100 or 0.150 or0.200 or 0.300 or 0.500 inches.

Cover materials are preferably cut-resistant materials, selected basedon the desired performance characteristics. Suitable inner and outercover layer materials for the golf balls disclosed herein include, butare not limited to, ionomer resins and blends thereof (e.g., Surlyn®ionomer resins and DuPont® HPF 1000 and HPF 2000, commercially availablefrom E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Iotek® ionomers, commerciallyavailable from ExxonMobil Chemical Company; Amplify® IO ionomers ofethylene acrylic acid copolymers, commercially available from The DowChemical Company; and Clarix® ionomer resins, commercially availablefrom A. Schulman Inc.); polyurethanes; polyureas; copolymers and hybridsof polyurethane and polyurea; polyethylene, including, for example, lowdensity polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, and high densitypolyethylene; polypropylene; rubber-toughened olefin polymers; acidcopolymers, e.g., (meth)acrylic acid, which do not become part of anionomeric copolymer; plastomers; flexomers; styrene/butadiene/styreneblock copolymers; styrene/ethylene/butylene/styrene block copolymers;dynamically vulcanized elastomers; ethylene vinyl acetates; ethylenemethyl acrylates; polyvinyl chloride resins; polyamides, amide-esterelastomers, and graft copolymers of ionomer and polyamide, including,for example, Pebax® thermoplastic polyether block amides, commerciallyavailable from Arkema Inc; crosslinked trans-polyisoprene and blendsthereof; polyester-based thermoplastic elastomers, such as Hytrel®,commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company;polyurethane-based thermoplastic elastomers, such as Elastollan®,commercially available from BASF; synthetic or natural vulcanizedrubber; and combinations thereof. Suitable cover materials andconstructions also include, but are not limited to, those disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,117,025, 6,767,940, and 6,960,630, the entiredisclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Compositions comprising an ionomer or a blend of two or more ionomersare particularly suitable for forming the inner cover layer indual-layer covers. Preferred ionomeric compositions include:

-   -   (a) a composition comprising a “high acid ionomer” (i.e., having        an acid content of greater than 16 wt %), such as Surlyn 8150®,        a copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid, having an acid        content of 19 wt %, which is 45% neutralized with sodium;    -   (b) a composition comprising a high acid ionomer and a maleic        anhydride-grafted non-ionomeric polymer (e.g., Fusabond® maleic        anhydride-grafted metallocene-catalyzed ethylene-butene        copolymers). A particularly preferred blend of high acid ionomer        and maleic anhydride-grafted polymer is a blend of 79-85 wt %        Surlyn 8150® and 15-21 wt % Fusabond®. Blends of high acid        ionomers with maleic anhydride-grafted polymers are further        disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,992,135 and        6,677,401, the entire disclosures of which are hereby        incorporated herein by reference;    -   (c) a composition comprising a 50/45/5 blend of Surlyn®        8940/Surlyn® 9650/Nucrel® 960, preferably having a material        hardness of from 80 to 85 Shore C;    -   (d) a composition comprising a 50/25/25 blend of Surlyn®        8940/Surlyn® 9650/Surlyn® 9910, preferably having a material        hardness of about 90 Shore C;    -   (e) a composition comprising a 50/50 blend of Surlyn®        8940/Surlyn® 9650, preferably having a material hardness of        about 86 Shore C;    -   (f) a composition comprising a blend of Surlyn® 7940/Surlyn®        8940, optionally including a melt flow modifier;    -   (g) a composition comprising a blend of a first high acid        ionomer and a second high acid ionomer, wherein the first high        acid ionomer is neutralized with a different cation than the        second high acid ionomer (e.g., 50/50 blend of Surlyn® 8150 and        Surlyn® 9150), optionally including one or more melt flow        modifiers such as an ionomer, ethylene-acid copolymer or ester        terpolymer; and    -   (h) a composition comprising a blend of a first high acid        ionomer and a second high acid ionomer, wherein the first high        acid ionomer is neutralized with a different cation than the        second high acid ionomer, and from 0 to 10 wt % of an        ethylene/acid/ester ionomer wherein the ethylene/acid/ester        ionomer is neutralized with the same cation as either the first        high acid ionomer or the second high acid ionomer or a different        cation than the first and second high acid ionomers (e.g., a        blend of 40-50 wt % Surlyn® 8140, 40-50 wt % Surlyn® 9120, and        0-10 wt % Surlyn® 6320).

Surlyn 8150®, Surlyn® 8940, and Surlyn® 8140 are different grades ofE/MAA copolymer in which the acid groups have been partially neutralizedwith sodium ions. Surlyn® 9650, Surlyn® 9910, Surlyn® 9150, and Surlyn®9120 are different grades of E/MAA copolymer in which the acid groupshave been partially neutralized with zinc ions. Surlyn® 7940 is an E/MAAcopolymer in which the acid groups have been partially neutralized withlithium ions. Surlyn® 6320 is a very low modulus magnesium ionomer witha medium acid content. Nucrel® 960 is an E/MAA copolymer resin nominallymade with 15 wt % methacrylic acid. Surlyn® ionomers, Fusabond®copolymers, and Nucrel® copolymers are commercially available from E. I.du Pont de Nemours and Company.

Non-limiting examples of particularly preferred ionomeric cover layerformulations are shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Cover Layer Surlyn ® 8150, Fusabond ®, Shore C Material wt % wt% Hardness* 1 89 11 91.2 2 84 16 89.8 3 84 16 90.4 4 84 16 89.6 5 81 1988.9 6 80 20 89.1 7 78 22 88.1 8 76 24 87.6 9 76 24 87.2 10 73 27 86.611 71 29 86.7 12 67 33 84.0 *Flex bars of each blend composition wereformed and evaluated for hardness according to ASTM D2240 following 10days of aging at 50% relative humidity and 23° C.

Ionomeric cover compositions can be blended with non-ionic thermoplasticresins, particularly to manipulate product properties. Examples ofsuitable non-ionic thermoplastic resins include, but are not limited to,polyurethane, poly-ether-ester, poly-amide-ether, polyether-urea,thermoplastic polyether block amides (e.g., Pebax® block copolymers,commercially available from Arkema Inc.), styrene-butadiene-styreneblock copolymers, styrene(ethylene-butylene)-styrene block copolymers,polyamides, polyesters, polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene,ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyethylene-(meth)acrylate,polyethylene-(meth)acrylic acid, functionalized polymers with maleicanhydride grafting, Fusabond® functionalized olefins commerciallyavailable from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, functionalizedpolymers with epoxidation, elastomers (e.g., ethylene propylene dienemonomer rubber, metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin) and ground powders ofthermoset elastomers.

Suitable ionomeric cover materials are further disclosed, for example,in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,382, 6,756,436, 6,894,098, 6,919,393, and6,953,820, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

Polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof areparticularly suitable for forming the outer cover layer in dual-layercovers. When used as cover layer materials, polyurethanes and polyureascan be thermoset or thermoplastic. Thermoset materials can be formedinto golf ball layers by conventional casting or reaction injectionmolding techniques. Thermoplastic materials can be formed into golf balllayers by conventional compression or injection molding techniques.

Suitable polyurethane cover materials are further disclosed in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,334,673, 6,506,851, 6,756,436, and 7,105,623, the entiredisclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.Suitable polyurea cover materials are further disclosed in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,484,870, 6,835,794 and 7,378,483, and U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2008/0064527, the entire disclosures of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference. Suitable polyurethane-urea covermaterials include polyurethane/polyurea blends and copolymers comprisingurethane and urea segments, as disclosed in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2007/0117923, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference.

Golf ball cover compositions may include a flow modifier, such as, butnot limited to, Nucrel® acid copolymer resins, and particularly Nucrel®960. Nucrel® acid copolymer resins are commercially available from E. I.du Pont de Nemours and Company.

Cover compositions may also include one or more filler(s), such as thefillers given above for rubber compositions of the present invention(e.g., titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, etc.), and/or additive(s), suchas coloring agents, fluorescent agents, whitening agents, antioxidants,dispersants, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, plasticizers, surfactants,compatibility agents, foaming agents, reinforcing agents, releaseagents, and the like.

In a particular embodiment, the cover comprises an inner cover layerformed from a composition comprising a high acid ionomer and a maleicanhydride-grafted non-ionomeric polymer and an outer cover layer formedfrom a polyurethane, polyurea, or copolymer or hybrid ofpolyurethane/polyurea. The outer cover layer material may bethermoplastic or thermoset. A particularly preferred inner cover layercomposition is a 84 wt %/16 wt % blend of Surlyn 8150® and Fusabond572D®.

Additional suitable cover materials are disclosed, for example, in U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0164810, U.S. Pat. No.5,919,100, and PCT Publications WO00/23519 and WO00/29129, the entiredisclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In addition to the material disclosed above, any of the core or coverlayers may comprise one or more of the following materials:thermoplastic elastomer, thermoset elastomer, synthetic rubber,thermoplastic vulcanizate, copolymeric ionomer, terpolymeric inomer,polycarbonate, polyolefin, polyamide, copolymeric polyamide, polyesters,polyester-amides, polyether-amides, polyvinyl alcohols,acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, polyarylate, polyacrylate,polyphenylene ether, impact-modified polyphenylene ether, high impactpolystyrene, diallyl phthalate polymer, metallocene-catalyzed polymers,styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), olefin-modified SAN,acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-maleic anhydride (S/MA)polymer, styrenic copolymer, functionalized styrenic copolymer,functionalized styrenic terpolymer, styrenic terpolymer, cellulosepolymer, liquid crystal polymer (LCP), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber(EPDM), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene propylenerubber (EPR), ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurea, and polysiloxane.Suitable polyamides for use as an additional material in compositionsdisclosed herein also include resins obtained by: (1) polycondensationof (a) a dicarboxylic acid, such as oxalic acid, adipic acid, sebacicacid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylicacid, with (b) a diamine, such as ethylenediamine,tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, ordecamethylenediamine, 1,4-cyclohexyldiamine or m-xylylenediamine; (2) aring-opening polymerization of cyclic lactam, such as ε-caprolactam orω-laurolactam; (3) polycondensation of an aminocarboxylic acid, such as6-aminocaproic acid, 9-aminononanoic acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid or12-aminododecanoic acid; or (4) copolymerization of a cyclic lactam witha dicarboxylic acid and a diamine. Specific examples of suitablepolyamides include Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 610, Nylon 11, Nylon 12,copolymerized Nylon, Nylon MXD6, and Nylon 46.

Other preferred materials suitable for use as an additional material ingolf ball compositions disclosed herein include Skypel polyesterelastomers, commercially available from SK Chemicals of South Korea;Septon® diblock and triblock copolymers, commercially available fromKuraray Corporation of Kurashiki, Japan; and Kraton® diblock andtriblock copolymers, commercially available from Kraton Polymers LLC ofHouston, Tex. Compositions disclosed herein can be either foamed orfilled with density adjusting materials to provide desirable golf ballperformance characteristics.

Manufacturing Processes

The present invention is not limited by any particular process forforming the golf ball layer(s). It should be understood that thelayer(s) can be formed by any suitable technique, including injectionmolding, compression molding, casting, and reaction injection molding.

When injection molding is used, the composition is typically in apelletized or granulated form that can be easily fed into the throat ofan injection molding machine wherein it is melted and conveyed via ascrew in a heated barrel at temperatures of from 150° F. to 600° F.,preferably from 200° F. to 500° F. The molten composition is ultimatelyinjected into a closed mold cavity, which may be cooled, at ambient orat an elevated temperature, but typically the mold is cooled to atemperature of from 50° F. to 70° F. After residing in the closed moldfor a time of from 1 second to 300 seconds, preferably from 20 secondsto 120 seconds, the core and/or core plus one or more additional core orcover layers is removed from the mold and either allowed to cool atambient or reduced temperatures or is placed in a cooling fluid such aswater, ice water, dry ice in a solvent, or the like.

When compression molding is used to form a core, the composition isfirst formed into a preform or slug of material, typically in acylindrical or roughly spherical shape at a weight slightly greater thanthe desired weight of the molded core. Prior to this step, thecomposition may be first extruded or otherwise melted and forced througha die after which it is cut into a cylindrical preform. The preform isthen placed into a compression mold cavity and compressed at a moldtemperature of from 150° F. to 400° F., preferably from 250° F. to 400°F., and more preferably from 300° F. to 400° F. When compression moldinga cover layer, half-shells of the cover layer material are first formedvia injection molding. A core is then enclosed within two half-shells,which is then placed into a compression mold cavity and compressed.

Reaction injection molding processes are further disclosed, for example,in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,119, 7,208,562, 7,281,997, 7,282,169, 7,338,391,and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0247073, the entiredisclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Golf Ball Properties

Golf balls of the present invention typically have a coefficient ofrestitution (COR) of 0.700 or greater, preferably 0.750 or greater, morepreferably 0.780 or greater, and even more preferably 0.790 or greater.

COR, as used herein, is determined according to a known procedurewherein a golf ball or golf ball subassembly (e.g., a golf ball core) isfired from an air cannon at two given velocities and calculated at avelocity of 125 ft/s. Ballistic light screens are located between theair cannon and the steel plate at a fixed distance to measure ballvelocity. As the ball travels toward the steel plate, it activates eachlight screen, and the time at each light screen is measured. Thisprovides an incoming transit time period inversely proportional to theball's incoming velocity. The ball impacts the steel plate and reboundsthough the light screens, which again measure the time period requiredto transit between the light screens. This provides an outgoing transittime period inversely proportional to the ball's outgoing velocity. CORis then calculated as the ratio of the outgoing transit time period tothe incoming transit time period, COR=V_(out)/N_(in)=T_(in)/T_(out).

Golf balls of the present invention typically have an overallcompression of 40 or greater, or a compression within a range having alower limit of 40 or 50 or 60 or 65 or 75 or 80 or 90 and an upper limitof 95 or 100 or 105 or 110 or 115 or 120. Dual cores of the presentinvention preferably have an overall compression of 60 or 70 or 75 or 80and an upper limit of 85 or 90 or 95 or 100. Inner core layers of thepresent invention preferably have a compression of 40 or less, or from20 to 40, or a compression of about 35.

Compression is an important factor in golf ball design. For example, thecompression of the core can affect the ball's spin rate off the driverand the feel. As disclosed in Jeff Dalton's Compression by Any OtherName, Science and Golf IV, Proceedings of the World Scientific Congressof Golf (Eric Thain ed., Routledge, 2002) (“J. Dalton”), severaldifferent methods can be used to measure compression, including Atticompression, Riehle compression, load/deflection measurements at avariety of fixed loads and offsets, and effective modulus. For purposesof the present invention, “compression” refers to Atti compression andis measured according to a known procedure, using an Atti compressiontest device, wherein a piston is used to compress a ball against aspring. The travel of the piston is fixed and the deflection of thespring is measured. The measurement of the deflection of the spring doesnot begin with its contact with the ball; rather, there is an offset ofapproximately the first 1.25 mm (0.05 inches) of the spring'sdeflection. Very low stiffness cores will not cause the spring todeflect by more than 1.25 mm and therefore have a zero compressionmeasurement. The Atti compression tester is designed to measure objectshaving a diameter of 42.7 mm (1.68 inches); thus, smaller objects, suchas golf ball cores, must be shimmed to a total height of 42.7 mm toobtain an accurate reading. Conversion from Atti compression to Riehle(cores), Riehle (balls), 100 kg deflection, 130-10 kg deflection oreffective modulus can be carried out according to the formulas given inJ. Dalton.

In FIG. 4, one version of a finished golf ball that can be made inaccordance with this invention is generally indicated at 65. Variouspatterns and geometric shapes of dimples 70 can be used to modify theaerodynamic properties of the golf ball 65 as needed. Golf balls of thepresent invention will typically have dimple coverage of 60% or greater,preferably 65% or greater, and more preferably 75% or greater.

The United States Golf Association specifications limit the minimum sizeof a competition golf ball to 1.680 inches. There is no specification asto the maximum diameter, and golf balls of any size can be used forrecreational play. Golf balls of the present invention can have anoverall diameter of any size. The preferred diameter of the present golfballs is from 1.680 inches to 1.800 inches. More preferably, the presentgolf balls have an overall diameter of from 1.680 inches to 1.760inches, and even more preferably from 1.680 inches to 1.740 inches.

Golf balls of the present invention preferably have a moment of inertia(MOI) of 70-95 g·cm², preferably 75-93 g·cm², and more preferably 76-90g·cm². For low MOI embodiments, the golf ball preferably has an MOI of85 g·cm² or less, or 83 g·cm² or less. For high MOI embodiment, the golfball preferably has an MOI of 86 g·cm² or greater, or 87 g·cm² orgreater. MOI is measured on a model MOI-005-104 Moment of InertiaInstrument manufactured by Inertia Dynamics of Collinsville, Conn. Theinstrument is connected to a PC for communication via a COMM port and isdriven by MOI Instrument Software version #1.2.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates generally to golf ballscontaining at least one component made from a thermoplastic non-ionomercomposition and at least one component made from a thermoplastic ionomercomposition.

When numerical lower limits and numerical upper limits are set forthherein, it is contemplated that any combination of these values may beused.

All patents, publications, test procedures, and other references citedherein, including priority documents, are fully incorporated byreference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with thisinvention and for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation ispermitted.

While the illustrative embodiments of the invention have been describedwith particularity, it will be understood that various othermodifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those ofordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of theclaims appended hereto be limited to the examples and descriptions setforth herein, but rather that the claims be construed as encompassingall of the features of patentable novelty which reside in the presentinvention, including all features which would be treated as equivalentsthereof by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the inventionpertains.

What is claimed is:
 1. A golf ball consisting essentially of: an innercore layer formed from a thermoplastic composition and having a diameterof 1.2 inches or greater, a center hardness (H_(center)) of 60 Shore Cor greater, and an outer surface hardness (H_(center surface)) of 80Shore C or greater; an intermediate core layer formed from athermoplastic composition having a material hardness(H_(intermediate core material)) of 83 Shore C or greater; an outer corelayer formed from a highly neutralized polymer composition having amaterial hardness (H_(outer core material)) of 35 Shore D or greater; aninner cover layer formed from a thermoplastic composition having amaterial hardness (H_(inner cover material)) of 95 Shore C or less; andan outer cover layer formed from a composition selected from the groupconsisting of polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blendsthereof; wherein a core structure consisting of the inner core layer,the intermediate core layer, and the outer core layer has a diameter offrom 1.40 inches to 1.55 inches.
 2. The golf ball of claim 1, whereinH_(intermediate core material) is greater than H_(outer core material).3. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic composition ofthe intermediate core layer is a partially neutralized ionomercomposition comprising an ethylene acid copolymer having acid groupssuch that the amount of neutralized acid groups is less than 80%.
 4. Thegolf ball of claim 1, wherein the highly neutralized polymer compositionof the outer core layer is an ionomer composition comprising an ethyleneacid copolymer having acid groups such that the amount of neutralizedacid groups is 80% or greater.
 5. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein theintermediate core layer has a thickness of from 0.015 inches to 0.070inches.
 6. The golf ball of claim 1, whereinH_(intermediate core material) is 87 Shore C or greater.
 7. The golfball of claim 1, wherein the outer surface hardness of the intermediatecore layer is greater than the outer surface hardness of the outer corelayer.
 8. The golf ball of claim 7, wherein the outer surface hardnessof the intermediate core layer is 87 Shore C or greater and the outersurface hardness of the outer core layer is 85 Shore C or greater. 9.The golf ball of claim 7, wherein the difference between the outersurface hardness of the outer core layer and the center hardness of theinner core layer is at least 20 Shore C units.
 10. The golf ball ofclaim 7, wherein the difference between the outer surface hardness ofthe outer core layer and the center hardness of the inner core layer isat least 25 Shore C units.
 11. The golf ball of claim 1, whereinH_(intermediate core material) is greater than H_(inner cover material)and H_(intermediate core material) is 86 Shore C or greater andH_(inner cover material) is from 84 Shore C to 92 Shore C.
 12. A golfball consisting essentially of: an inner core layer formed from athermoplastic composition and having a diameter of from 1.100 inches to1.400 inches, a center hardness (H_(center)) of from 50 Shore C to 75Shore C, and an outer surface hardness (H_(center surface)) of from 60Shore C to 85 Shore C; an intermediate core layer formed from athermoplastic composition having a material hardness(H_(intermediate core material)) of 83 Shore C or greater; an outer corelayer formed from a highly neutralized polymer composition and having anouter surface hardness (H_(outer core surface)) of from 70 Shore C to 95Shore C; an inner cover layer formed from a thermoplastic compositionhaving a material hardness (H_(inner cover material)) of from 80 Shore Cto 95 Shore C; and an outer cover layer formed from a compositionselected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyureas, andcopolymers and blends thereof.
 13. The golf ball of claim 12, whereinthe material hardness of the intermediate core layer composition isgreater than the material hardness of the outer core layer composition.14. The golf ball of claim 12, wherein the thermoplastic composition ofthe intermediate core layer is a partially neutralized ionomercomposition comprising an ethylene acid copolymer having acid groupssuch that the amount of neutralized acid groups is less than 80%. 15.The golf ball of claim 12, wherein the highly neutralized polymercomposition of the outer core layer is an ionomer composition comprisingan ethylene acid copolymer having acid groups such that the amount ofneutralized acid groups is 80% or greater.
 16. The golf ball of claim12, wherein the intermediate core layer has a thickness of from 0.015inches to 0.070 inches.
 17. The golf ball of claim 12, whereinH_(intermediate core material) is 87 Shore C or greater.
 18. The golfball of claim 12, wherein the outer surface hardness of the intermediatecore layer is greater than the outer surface hardness of the outer corelayer.
 19. The golf ball of claim 18, wherein the outer surface hardnessof the intermediate core layer is 87 Shore C or greater and the outersurface hardness of the outer core layer is 85 Shore C or greater. 20.The golf ball of claim 19, wherein the difference between the outersurface hardness of the outer core layer and the center hardness of theinner core layer is at least 20 Shore C units.